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未来RFIC的趋势_mm-Wave Silicon Technology 60 GHz and Beyond
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1 Introduction to mm-Wave Silicon Devices, Circuits, and Systems .... 1
Ali M. Niknejad and Hossein Hashemi
1.1 Introduction . ............................................. 1
1.2 Whymm-Waves? ......................................... 3
1.3 The Birth of Silicon mm-Wave .............................. 5
1.3.1 WhyCMOS? ..................................... 8
1.3.2 True Cost of Silicon mm-Wave . . .................... 10
1.4 Communicationinthe60GHzBand ......................... 12
1.4.1 BeamForming.................................... 13
1.5 Uniquemm-WaveApplications.............................. 17
1.5.1 mm-WaveSpectrum............................... 17
1.5.2 AutomotiveRadar ................................. 18
1.5.3 mm-WaveImagingforMedicalApplications........... 22
1.5.4 CollaborativeDistributedMIMO..................... 23
1.6 OverviewofBook......................................... 24
References..................................................... 24
2 Silicon Technologies to Address mm-Wave Solutions .............. 25
Andreia Cathelin and John J. Pekarik
2.1 Why Silicon? ............................................. 25
2.1.1 Performance...................................... 26
2.1.2 Cost,Integration[3] ............................... 27
2.1.3 ManufacturingCapacity............................ 27
2.2 Modern SiGe and CMOS Technology ........................ 28
2.2.1 Lithography . . . ................................... 28
2.2.2 Low-K Dielectrics and CopperWiring . ............... 30
2.2.3 Mobility and Strain Engineering . .................... 30
2.2.4 MetalGates&High-KDielectrics ................... 32
2.3 Active Devices on Recent Bulk and SOI Technologies . .......... 32
2.3.1 BipolarDevices................................... 33
2.3.2 CMOSdevices.................................... 34
2.3.3 SOICMOSdevices................................ 41
2.3.4 Current Density Scaling for CMOS and Bipolar Devices . 46
2.3.5 Comparison Between State-of-the-Art HBT and CMOS
Devices.......................................... 46
2.4 ImpactoftheBack-EndofLineonmm-WaveDesign........... 49
2.5 Conclusion............................................... 55
2.6 Acknowledgements: ....................................... 55
References..................................................... 56
3 Design and Modeling of Active and Passive Devices ............... 59
Ali M. Niknejad, Sohrab Emami, Chinh Doan, Babak Heydari, Mounir
Bohsali
3.1 PassiveDevices........................................... 59
3.1.1 TransmissionLines ................................ 59
3.1.2 Inductors . ........................................ 70
3.1.3 Capacitors ....................................... 72
3.1.4 Transformers ..................................... 75
3.1.5 Resonators ....................................... 77
3.2 ActiveDevices ........................................... 79
3.2.1 Modeling ........................................ 79
3.2.2 ActiveDeviceDesign .............................. 80
3.2.3 Small-SignalModel ............................... 89
3.2.4 Large-SignalModel ............................... 90
3.2.5 FETNoiseModel ................................. 97
3.3 Conclusion...............................................105
References.....................................................107
4 Amplifiers and Mixers ....................................... 109
Ali M. Niknejad, BrianA. Floyd, Sohrab Emami, Babak Heydari, Ehsan
Adabi, Bagher Afshar
4.1 60GHzLow-NoiseAmplifiers:What’sDifferent?..............109
4.1.1 TransistorsClosertoCutoff .........................109
4.1.2 SmallWavelengths ................................110
4.1.3 Parasitics at 60 GHz . ..............................111
4.2 Low-NoiseAmplifier Design Methodology . ...................111
4.2.1 Input Match Optimization for Noise and Power . . ......112
4.2.2 TransistorNoiseParameters.........................113
4.2.3 Common-Base vs. Common-Emitter . . ...............115
4.3 Low-NoiseAmplifierExamples .............................117
4.3.1 Bipolar LNA (v1), Common-Base Input . ..............117
4.3.2 Bipolar LNA (v2), Common-Emitter Input . . ..........121
4.3.3 CMOSCommonSourceAmplifiers ..................122
4.3.4 CMOSCommonGateAmplifiers ....................126
4.3.5 DifferentialPairAmplifiers .........................127
4.3.6 Multi-Stage Amplifier Design . . . ....................129
4.3.7 ATwo-Stage30GHzAmplifier......................135
4.4 MixersandFrequencyTranslation ...........................137
4.4.1 SingleTransistorMixers............................137
4.4.2 DualGateMixers .................................141
4.4.3 GilbertCellMixers................................144
4.5 ExamplesofIntegratedFront-Ends ..........................147
4.5.1 CMOS 130nm 60 GHz Front-End . ...................147
4.5.2 SiGeTransceiverChipset ...........................150
4.6 Conclusion...............................................155
References.....................................................156
5 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators and Frequency Dividers ............ 159
Jri Lee
5.1 ConsiderationsofVCOs....................................159
5.2 Cross-Coupled Oscillators ..................................162
5.3 Colpitts Oscillator . ........................................169
5.4 Other Topologies . . ........................................173
5.4.1 mm-Wave Oscillators ..............................174
5.4.2 Push-Push Oscillators ..............................176
5.4.3 Distributed Oscillators .............................177
5.5 ConsiderationsofDividers .................................178
5.6 StaticDividers............................................180
5.7 Regenerative (Miller) Dividers ..............................183
5.8 Injection-LockedDividers..................................187
5.9 CaseStudy...............................................190
5.9.1 52-GHzLOSignalGenerator .......................191
5.9.2 60-GHz PLL in 0.15-µmGaAs ......................192
5.9.3 A75-GHzPLLin90-nmCMOS.....................195
References.....................................................199
6 Power Amplifiers at 60GHz and Beyond ........................ 201
Ehsan Afshari and Abbas Komijani
6.1 MotivationandChallenges .................................201
6.2 Passive Components . . . . ...................................202
6.2.1 Substrate-ShieldedCoplanarWaveguideStructure ......202
6.2.2 Characterization of the Substrate-Shielded CPW
Structure.........................................204
6.2.3 Conductor-Backed Coplanar Waveguide as the
TransmissionLineStructure ........................207
6.2.4 Wirebond and Pad Parasitic Effects . . . . ...............209
6.3 PowerTransistors .........................................209
6.3.1 Single-Transistor Power Gain and Stability . . ..........210
6.3.2 Stability of the Cascode Pair ........................212
6.3.3 Relationship of BreakdownVoltage and Cut-off
Frequency........................................214
6.4 PowerCombiningTechniques...............................215
6.4.1 BasicPrinciple....................................215
6.4.2 DistributedActiveTransformer ......................216
6.4.3 Electrical Funnel ..................................220
6.4.4 CircuitImplementation.............................228
6.5 CaseStudies .............................................229
6.5.1 A 77GHzAmplifier for Automotive RADAR
Application.......................................230
6.5.2 ABroadbandAmplifierat85GHz....................233
6.6 Summary................................................238
References.....................................................240
7 Integrated Beamforming Arrays ............................... 243
Harish Krishnaswamy and Hossein Hashemi
7.1 Introduction . .............................................243
7.2 WhatisaPhasedArray? ...................................245
7.2.1 Case Study:A 60GHzWPAN Link Budget . . ..........248
7.3 PhasedArraysversusTimedArrays ..........................249
7.4 ConventionalPhasedArrayArchitectures .....................253
7.4.1 RFPhase-shifting .................................254
7.4.2 LOPhase-shifting.................................263
7.4.3 DigitalArrays ....................................269
7.4.4 ComparativeView of the ConventionalArchitectures . . . . 269
7.5 TheVPRO-PLLPhasedArrayArchitecture....................271
7.5.1 VPROConcept ...................................271
7.5.2 TransmitMode ...................................272
7.5.3 Receive Mode . ...................................273
7.6 TheEffectofMismatchinPhasedArrays .....................277
7.6.1 Beam-pointingError...............................278
7.6.2 SidelobeRejectionRatio ...........................280
7.6.3 ImplicationsonArrayPackaging.....................281
7.6.4 ArrayCalibration..................................282
7.7 QuantizationErrorinPhasedArrays .........................283
7.8 Multi-BeamAntennaArrays . . ..............................285
7.9 Antenna Arrays and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
Transceivers..............................................290
7.10 ConcludingRemarks ......................................291
References.....................................................293
mm-Wave Silicon Technology 60 GHz and Beyond.rar
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[ 本帖最后由 banana 于 2010-1-31 20:21 编辑 ]
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