以前老的，说了一下区别，可以参考一下
ARCH -- 这是Android修改了arch/arm下面的一些文件：
arch/arm:
Chg: arch/arm/kernel/entry-armv.S
Chg: arch/arm/kernel/module.c
Chg: arch/arm/kernel/process.c
Chg: arch/arm/kernel/ptrace.c
Chg: arch/arm/kernel/setup.c
Chg: arch/arm/kernel/signal.c
Chg: arch/arm/kernel/traps.c
Chg: arch/arm/mm/cache-v6.S
Chg: arch/arm/vfp/entry.S
Chg: arch/arm/vfp/vfp.h
Chg: arch/arm/vfp/vfphw.S
Chg: arch/arm/vfp/vfpmodule.c
Goldfish -- 这是Android为了模拟器所开发的一个虚拟硬件平台。Goldfish执行arm926T指令（在2.6.29中，goldfish也支持ATMv7指令），但是在实际的设备中，该虚拟平台的文件不会被编译。
arch/arm/mach-goldfish:
New: arch/arm/mach-goldfish/audio.c
New: arch/arm/mach-goldfish/board-goldfish.c
New: arch/arm/mach-goldfish/pdev_bus.c
New: arch/arm/mach-goldfish/pm.c
New: arch/arm/mach-goldfish/switch.c
New: arch/arm/mach-goldfish/timer.c
YAFFS2 -- 和PC把文件存储在硬盘上不一样， 移动设备一般把Flash作为存储设备。尤其是NAND flash应用非常广泛（绝大多数手机用的都是NAND flash，三星的一些手机使用的是OneNAND）。NAND flash具有低成本和高密度的优点。
YAFFS2 是“Yet Another Flash File System, 2nd edition" 的简称。 它提供在Linux内核和NAND flash设备 之前高效率的接口。 YAFFS2并没有包含在标准的Linux内核中， Google把它添加到了Android的kernel
fs/yaffs2:
New: fs/yaffs2/devextras.h
New: fs/yaffs2/Kconfig
New: fs/yaffs2/Makefile
New: fs/yaffs2/moduleconfig.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_checkptrw.c
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_checkptrw.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_ecc.c
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_ecc.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_fs.c
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_getblockinfo.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_guts.c
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_guts.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffsinterface.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_mtdif1.c
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_mtdif1.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_mtdif2.c
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_mtdif2.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_mtdif.c
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_mtdif.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_nand.c
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_nandemul2k.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_nand.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_packedtags1.c
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_packedtags1.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_packedtags2.c
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_packedtags2.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_qsort.c
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_qsort.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_tagscompat.c
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_tagscompat.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_tagsvalidity.c
New: fs/yaffs2/yaffs_tagsvalidity.h
New: fs/yaffs2/yportenv.h
Bluetooth -- Google为Bluetooth打上了patch，fix了一些Bluetooth的bug
drivers/bluetooth:
Chg: drivers/bluetooth/bfusb.c
Chg: drivers/bluetooth/bt3c_cs.c
Chg: drivers/bluetooth/btusb.c
Chg: drivers/bluetooth/hci_h4.c
Chg: drivers/bluetooth/hci_ll.c
Scheduler -- 对于Scheduler的改变非常小，我对它并没有去研究。
Chg: kernel/sched.c
New Android Functionality -- 除了fix一些bug以及其他一些小的更改，Android增加了一些新的功能，介绍如下：
IPC Binder -- The IPC Binder is an Inter-Process Communication (IPC) mechanism. It allows processes to provide services to other processes via a set of higher-level APIs than are available in standard Linux. An Internet search indicated that the Binder concept originated at Be, Inc., and then made its way into Palm's software, before Google wrote a new Binder for Android.
New: drivers/staging/android/binder.c
Low Memory Killer -- Android adds a low-memory killer that, each time it's called, scans the list of running Linux processes, and kills one. It was not clear in our cursory examination why Android adds a low-memory killer on top of the already existing one in the standard Linux kernel.
New: drivers/staging/android/lowmemorykiller.c
Ashmem -- Ashmem is an Anonymous SHared MEMory system that adds interfaces so processes can share named blocks of memory. As an example, the system could use Ashmem to store icons, which multiple processes could then access when drawing their UI. The advantage of Ashmem over traditional Linux shared memory is that it provides a means for the kernel to reclaim these shared memory blocks if they are not currently in use. If a process then tries to access a shared memory block the kernel has freed, it will receive an error, and will then need to reallocate the block and reload the data.
New: mm/ashmem.c
RAM Console and Log Device -- To aid in debugging, Android adds the ability to store kernel log messages to a RAM buffer. Additionally, Android adds a separate logging module so that user processes can read and write user log messages.
New: drivers/staging/android/ram_console.c
Android Debug Bridge -- Debugging embedded devices can best be described as challenging. To make debugging easier, Google created the Android Debug Bridge (ADB), which is a protocol that runs over a USB link between a hardware device running Android and a developer writing applications on a desktop PC.
drivers/usb/gadget:
New: drivers/usb/gadget/android.c
Chg: drivers/usb/gadget/composite.c
Chg: drivers/usb/gadget/f_acm.c
New: drivers/usb/gadget/f_acm.h
New: drivers/usb/gadget/f_adb.c
New: drivers/usb/gadget/f_adb.h
New: drivers/usb/gadget/f_mass_storage.c
New: drivers/usb/gadget/f_mass_storage.h
Android also adds a new real-time clock, switch support, and timed GPIO support. We list the impacted files for these new modules at the end of this document.
Power Management -- Power management is one of the most difficult pieces to get right in mobile devices, so we split it out into a group separate from the other pieces. It's interesting to note that Google added a new power management system to Linux, rather than reuse what already existed. We list the impacted files at the end of this document.
kernel/power:
New: kernel/power/consoleearlysuspend.c
New: kernel/power/earlysuspend.c
New: kernel/power/fbearlysuspend.c
Chg: kernel/power/main.c
Chg: kernel/power/power.h
Chg: kernel/power/process.c
New: kernel/power/userwakelock.c
New: kernel/power/wakelock.c
Miscellaneous Changes -- In addition to the above, we found a number of changes that could best be described as, 'Miscellaneous.' Among other things, these changes include additional debugging support, keypad light controls, and management of TCP networking http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c ... id-to-a-new-device/ http://hi.baidu.com/smallbigwang/item/95c99ebcb0e9544cba0e1281
(7)修改android源代码system/core/rootdir目录下的init.rc文件，作如下修改(android默认yaffs2文件系统)：
首先将android文件系统修改成可读写，将
mount rootfs rootfs / ro remount
修改成
mount rootfs rootfs / rw remount
然后修改挂载system和userdata部分的代码，将
# Mount /system rw first to give the filesystem a chance to save a checkpoint
mount yaffs2 mtd@system /system
mount yaffs2 mtd@system /system ro remount
# We chown/chmod /data again so because mount is run as root + defaults
mount yaffs2 mtd@userdata /data nosuid nodev
chown system system /data
chmod 0771 /data
改成
# Mount /system rw first to give the filesystem a chance to save a checkpoint
mount ubifs ubi0_0 /system ro
# We chown/chmod /data again so because mount is run as root + defaults
mount ubifs ubi1_0 /data nosuid nodev
chown system system /data
chmod 0771 /data
(8)完成后编译内核，可以启动文件系统，控制台可用，但是没有显示启动log,而且不停的重启。
(9)系统不停的重启，因此控制台已经可用了，自然而然的想到看到logcat日志，一看，发现logcat设备居然没起来，配置文件里面都定义了
居然没起来，查看了下内核drivers/staging/android目录，没有.o文件，证明是没编译到，在看内核目录下的.config文件，发现居然没有了
logcat和binder的宏定义，配置文件里面有定义而.config文件中无定义，肯定是相关Kconfig文件的问题，通过分析drivers/staging目录下的
Kconfig文件发现是因为STAGING_EXCLUDE_BUILD宏默认是y,在配置文件中否定此宏即可，在配置文件中CONFIG_STAGING定义后加上即可，如下：
CONFIG_STAGING=y
# CONFIG_STAGING_EXCLUDE_BUILD is not set
修改后重新编译发现系统完成正常启动，启动过程中启动log也显示正常。
至此，android初步移植工作已经完成，当然，系统还有很多问题，需要下一步继续修改。
总结：android的移植按如下流程：
(1)android linux内核的普通驱动移植，让内核可以在目标平台上运行起来。
(2)正确挂载文件系统，确保内核启动参数和android源代码system/core/rootdir目录下的init.rc中的文件系统挂载正确。
(3)调试控制台，让内核启动参数中的console参数以及android源代码system/core/init/init.c中的console_name设置和硬件保持一致
(4)打开android相关的驱动(logger,binder等)，串口输入logcat看logger驱动起来，没有的话调试logger驱动。
说明：ARM的内核配置文件定义在内核arch/arm/configs目录下。
(4)一般情况下一个控制按键是不需要作按键字符表的，系统会调用默认的去处理，但是如果要开发一个全功能键盘(包含了字母和数字)，那可能就需要
自己作一个专用的按键字符表了。android系统开发小问题－启动过程中android字符没有显示出来 android目标平台可以正常启动，但是启动过程中的android字符没有显示出来，这个是linux内核配置的问题
打开内核framebuffer控制台即可。
(1)make menuconifg后选择Device Drivers->Graphics support->Console display driver support->Framebuffer Console support
然后打开相关的几个配置选项即可。
(2)直接修改内核配置文件，如下：
CONFIG_FRAMEBUFFER_CONSOLE=y
CONFIG_FRAMEBUFFER_CONSOLE_DETECT_PRIMARY=y
# CONFIG_FRAMEBUFFER_CONSOLE_ROTATION is not set
CONFIG_FONTS=y
CONFIG_FONT_8x8=y
CONFIG_FONT_8x16=y
CONFIG_FONT_6x11=y
# CONFIG_FONT_7x14 is not set
# CONFIG_FONT_PEARL_8x8 is not set
# CONFIG_FONT_ACORN_8x8 is not set
# CONFIG_FONT_MINI_4x6 is not set
# CONFIG_FONT_SUN8x16 is not set
# CONFIG_FONT_SUN12x22 is not set
# CONFIG_FONT_10x18 is not set
(3)android启动过程中的android字符显示在源代码的system/core/init.c中，如下：
if( load_565rle_image(INIT_IMAGE_FILE) ) {
fd = open("/dev/tty0", O_WRONLY);
if (fd >= 0) {
const char *msg;
msg = "\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"\n" // console is 40 cols x 30 lines
"\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"\n"
" A N D R O I D ";
write(fd, msg, strlen(msg));
close(fd);
}
}
(6)为了确保未校验前触摸屏可用，我们将一次校验后得出的7个坐标值作为初始值，修改到内核ts_linear.c文件中。下面是源代码：
ts_linear.c文件
/*
* Touchscreen Linear Scale Adaptor
*
* Copyright (C) 2009 Marvell Corporation
*
* Author: Mark F. Brown <markb@marvell.com>
* Based on tslib 1.0 plugin linear.c by Russel King
*
* This library is licensed under GPL.
*
*/
/*
* sysctl-tuning infrastructure.
*/
static struct ts_calibration {
/* Linear scaling and offset parameters for x,y (can include rotation) */
int a;
} cal;
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("touch screen linear scaling driver");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
ts2007.c文件
/*
* linux/drivers/input/touchscreen/tsc2007.c
*
* touch screen driver for tsc2007
*
* Copyright (C) 2006, Marvell Corporation
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
* published by the Free Software Foundation.
*/
#define DEBUG
#ifdef DEBUG
#define TS_DEBUG(fmt,args...) printk(KERN_DEBUG fmt, ##args )
#else
#define TS_DEBUG(fmt,args...)
#endif
static int x_min=TSC_X_MIN;
static int y_min=TSC_Y_MIN;
static int x_max=TSC_X_MAX;
static int y_max=TSC_Y_MAX;
static int invert = 0;
static int debounce_time = 150;
static int init_debounce = true;
static int delay_time = 1;
enum tsc2007_status {
PEN_UP,
PEN_DOWN,
};
struct _tsc2007 {
struct input_dev *dev;
int x; /* X sample values */
int y; /* Y sample values */
int status;
struct work_struct irq_work;
struct i2c_client *client;
unsigned long last_touch;
};
struct _tsc2007 *g_tsc2007;
/* update abs params when min and max coordinate values are set */
int tsc2007_proc_minmax(struct ctl_table *table, int write, struct file *filp,
void __user *buffer, size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
{
struct _tsc2007 *tsc2007= g_tsc2007;
struct input_dev *input = tsc2007->dev;
/* update value */
int ret = proc_dointvec(table, write, filp, buffer, lenp, ppos);
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