【Follow me第二季第2期】（Arduino Uno R4）作品提交汇总

ctrlshift12138 · 发表于 2024-11-11 11:34

【Follow me第二季第2期】（Arduino Uno R4）作品提交汇总 [复制链接]

# 【Follow me第二季第2期】任务提交

## 一、前置准备：

硬件：无
软件：VSCode、科学上网工具

### 1、设置代理

打开VSCode，进入设置

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849508_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20240826001548106-1724602550738-9.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(128.63 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849508" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849508&handlekey=savephoto_849508">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

搜索“代理”，在1和2中填写代理服务器的地址和端口，并取消勾选3

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849509_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20240826001729592-1724602655044-11.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(120.48 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849509" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849509&handlekey=savephoto_849509">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

### 2、安装PlatformIO IDE扩展

选择扩展，搜索“PlatformIO”，安装扩展插件

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849504_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20240826000423835-1724601871695-1.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(157.63 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849504" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849504&handlekey=savephoto_849504">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

### 4、升级WiFi模块固件（非必须步骤，可跳过）

下载下面代码到arduino Uno R4 WiFi开发板，检查的WiFi模块（ESP32-S3）的固件。如果WiFi模块固件不是最新版本，建议升级固件。

```cpp
#include <Arduino.h>
#include <WiFiS3.h>

void setup() {
    Serial.begin(115200);

BaseType_t xReturn;
    // 检查WiFi模组
    if (WiFi.status() == WL_NO_MODULE)
    {
        Serial.println("Communication with WiFi module failed!");
        while (true);
    }
    String fv = WiFi.firmwareVersion();
    Serial.print("Current WiFi firmware version:");
    Serial.println(fv);
    Serial.print("Laste WiFi firmware version:");
    Serial.println(WIFI_FIRMWARE_LATEST_VERSION);
    if (fv < WIFI_FIRMWARE_LATEST_VERSION)
    {
        Serial.println("Please upgrade the firmware");
    }
}

void loop() {

}
```

[官方更新WiFi模块固件教程和资源链接](https://support.arduino.cc/hc/en-us/articles/9670986058780-Update-the-connectivity-module-firmware-on-UNO-R4-WiFi#espflash)

1、下载并解压官方资源

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849512_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20240911031642347-1725995806791-3.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(73.53 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849512" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849512&handlekey=savephoto_849512">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

2、使用跳线帽（或金属镊子）短接图中突出显示的引脚：

![The GND and Download ESP32 pins.](/data/attachment/forum/202410/08/020439n8seso30j6f2sosn.png.thumb.jpg?rand=7115.516748703152)

3、使用 USB 线将 UNO R4 WiFi 板连接到电脑

4、运行`update.bat`脚本

5、选择正确的串口，并等待固件更新完成

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849513_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20240911032036801.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(68.95 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849513" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849513&handlekey=savephoto_849513">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

## 二、入门任务

**Blink&串口打印Hello EEWorld！**

硬件：Arduino UNO R4 WiFi、USB-C to A线
软件：VSCode

### 1、操作步骤

打开PlatformIO的“home”主页，选择“New Project”

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849505_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20240826000712124-1724602034449-3.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(258.03 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849505" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849505&handlekey=savephoto_849505">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

填写“Name”，“Board”选择“Arduino Uno R4 WiFi”，“Framework”选择“Arduino”，“Location”为项目存放位置，自行设置。

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849506_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20240826001024392-1724602226434-5.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(127.91 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849506" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849506&handlekey=savephoto_849506">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

点击“FInish”，等待相关资源下载完成（如果卡在下载资源，请设置代理）。

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849507_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20240826001410548-1724602452496-7.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(133.85 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849507" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849507&handlekey=savephoto_849507">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

### 2、代码

```cpp
#include <Arduino.h>
#include <Arduino_FreeRTOS.h>

void blink(void * para);
void printHelloWorld(void * para);

// 任务句柄
TaskHandle_t blink_task_handle = NULL;
TaskHandle_t print_hello_world_task_handle = NULL;

void setup() {
    pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);        // LED管脚设置为输出模式
    Serial.begin(115200);                // 串口设置波特率115200

// 创建Blink任务
    xTaskCreate((TaskFunction_t)blink,
                (const char*)"blink",
                100,
                NULL,
                1,
                &blink_task_handle);
    configASSERT( blink_task_handle );

// 创建串口打印任务
    xTaskCreate((TaskFunction_t)printHelloWorld,
                (const char *)"printHelloWord",
                100,
                NULL,
                2,
                &print_hello_world_task_handle);
    configASSERT(print_hello_world_task_handle);

vTaskStartScheduler();                // 启动任务调度
}

void blink(void * para)
{
    while (1)
    {
        digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);        // 点亮LED
        vTaskDelay(500 * portTICK_PERIOD_MS);    // 延时500ms
        digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);            // 关闭LED
        vTaskDelay(500 * portTICK_PERIOD_MS);    // 延时500ms
    }
}

void printHelloWorld(void * para)
{
    while (1)
    {
        Serial.println("Hello EEWorld !");        // 串口打印
        vTaskDelay(1000 * portTICK_PERIOD_MS);    // 延时1000ms
    }
}

void loop() {

}

```

### 3、说明

软件流程图：

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_858163_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>入门任务流程图.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(13.24 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_858163" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=858163&handlekey=savephoto_858163">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

使用FreeRTOS创建了“blink”和“printHelloWord”两个任务，分别实现了LED指示灯每隔0.5秒闪烁一次，串口每隔1秒发送一次“Hello EEWorld!”。

```cpp
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);        // LED管脚设置为输出模式
```

`LED_BUILTIN`为板上的黄色LED灯对应的管脚，见下图，`OUTPUT`表示将该管脚设置为输出模式。

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849510_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20240826002948949-1724603391583-13.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(214.21 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849510" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849510&handlekey=savephoto_849510">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

### 4、效果展示

LED灯闪烁

<ignore_js_op>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849501" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849501&handlekey=savephoto_849501">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

串口打印

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849526_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20241008014543361.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(27.8 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849526" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849526&handlekey=savephoto_849526">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

## 三、基础任务

**驱动12x8点阵LED；用DAC生成正弦波；用OPAMP放大DAC信号；用ADC采集并且打印数据到串口等其他接口可上传到上位机显示曲线**

硬件：Arduino UNO R4 WiFi、USB-C to A线、10K插件电阻、公对公杜邦线

软件：VSCode、Arduino IDE

### 1、代码：驱动12x8点阵LED

```cpp
#include <Arduino.h>
#include <Arduino_FreeRTOS.h>
#include <Arduino_LED_Matrix.h>
#include <animate_data.h>

void blink(void * para);
void ledMatrix(void * para);

// 任务句柄
TaskHandle_t blink_task_handle = NULL;
TaskHandle_t led_matrix_task_handle = NULL;
ArduinoLEDMatrix matrix;

void setup() {
    pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
    matrix.begin();

// 创建Blink任务
    xTaskCreate((TaskFunction_t)blink,
                (const char*)"blink",
                100,
                NULL,
                1,
                &blink_task_handle);
    configASSERT( blink_task_handle );

// 创建点阵LED任务
    xTaskCreate((TaskFunction_t)ledMatrix,
                (const char *)"ledMatrix",
                100,
                NULL,
                2,
                &led_matrix_task_handle);
    configASSERT(led_matrix_task_handle);
    vTaskStartScheduler();                // 启动任务调度
}

void loop() {

}

void blink(void * para)
{
    while (1)
    {
        digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);        // 点亮LED
        vTaskDelay(500 * portTICK_PERIOD_MS);    // 延时500ms
        digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);            // 关闭LED
        vTaskDelay(500 * portTICK_PERIOD_MS);    // 延时500ms
    }
}

void ledMatrix(void *para)
{
    while (1)
    {
        uint16_t length = sizeof(frames)/sizeof(frames[0]);
        for ( uint16_t i = 0; i < length; i++)
        {
            matrix.loadFrame(&frames<i>[0]);
            vTaskDelay(33 * portTICK_PERIOD_MS);
        }
    }
}

```

### 2、说明

软件流程图：

<ignore_js_op>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_858159" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=858159&handlekey=savephoto_858159">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

使用FreeRTOS创建了“blink”和“led_matrix”两个任务，分别实现了LED指示灯每隔0.5秒闪烁一次；使用LED矩阵播放动画。动画的数据在.h文件中，在代码合集中给出。

因为动画的30fps，每帧约33.3ms，所以使用了`vTaskDelay(33 * portTICK_PERIOD_MS);`来设置固定的延时。

关于如何生成动画的文件：

1、使用ffmpeg，将视频中的每一帧输出为12*8大小的bmp文件；

```ba
ffmpeg -i video.m4s -vf scale=12:8 output_frame_%04d.bmp
```

2、将bmp文件转换为hex格式的文件，以下是python转换脚本

```python
from PIL import Image
import os

def convert_image_to_led_matrix(input_image):
  # 打开图片并将其转换为灰度模式
  image = Image.open(input_image).convert('1')# '1'模式表示黑白模式
  # 缩放图片到12x8分辨率
  image = image.resize((12, 8))
  
  # 创建一个96位的数组来存储整个LED矩阵
  led_matrix_full = [0] * 96
  
  # 遍历每个像素，将其转换为1或0并存储到led_matrix_full中
  for y in range(8):
  for x in range(12):
    pixel = image.getpixel((x, y))
    if pixel == 0:# 黑色像素表示LED点亮
      led_matrix_full[y * 12 + x] = 1
  
  # 将96位数据分割成3个32位的uint32数组
  led_matrix_32 = [0, 0, 0]
  
  for i in range(3):
  for bit in range(32):
    led_matrix_32<i> |= (led_matrix_full[i * 32 + bit] << (31 - bit))
  
  return led_matrix_32

def process_image_sequence(input_dir, output_file):
  led_matrices = []# 用于存储所有图片的结果

# 遍历文件夹中的图片
  files = sorted(os.listdir(input_dir))
  for file in files:
  if file.startswith("output_frame_") and file.endswith(".bmp"):
    print(f"Processing {file}")
    file_path = os.path.join(input_dir, file)
    led_matrix = convert_image_to_led_matrix(file_path)
    # print("uint32_t led_matrix[3] = {")
    # for value in led_matrix:
      # print(f"0x{value:08X},")
    # print("};")
    led_matrices.append(led_matrix)

# 将结果保存到txt文件
  with open(output_file, "w") as f:
  for matrix in led_matrices:
    f.write("{" + ", ".join(f"0x{value:08X}" for value in matrix) + "},\n")
  
  print(f"LED matrices saved to {output_file}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
  # input_dir = "C://Users//ctrls//Documents//Tencent Files//2114028461//FileRecv//MobileFile//c_3724723//32//1"# 替换为图片序列所在的文件夹路径
  input_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))# 获取当前文件所在的目录
  output_file = "output_led_matrices.txt"# 结果保存为的txt文件名
  process_image_sequence(input_dir, output_file)

```

### 3、效果展示

LED 点阵播放Bad Apple

<ignore_js_op>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849503" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849503&handlekey=savephoto_849503">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

原视频

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849523_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20241008012128079.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(34.12 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849523" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849523&handlekey=savephoto_849523">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

### 4、代码：用DAC生成正弦波；用OPAMP放大DAC信号；用ADC采集并且打印数据到串口等其他接口可上传到上位机显示曲线

```cpp
#include <analogWave.h> // 用于模拟波形的生成
#include <OPAMP.h>

analogWave wave(DAC);
uint16_t freq = 100; // DAC生成的正弦波频率, 单位Hz
uint16_t adc_val;   // ADC值

void setup()
{
    Serial.begin(115200);
    OPAMP.begin(OPAMP_SPEED_HIGHSPEED);
    analogReadResolution(14); // 设置 ADC 分辨率为14bit
    wave.sine(freq);        // 设置生成正弦波并设置频率
    wave.amplitude(0.25);    // 设置幅值比例 0 ~ 1
}

void loop()
{
    adc_val = analogRead(A4);
    Serial.println(adc_val);
}

```

### 5、说明

软件流程图：

<ignore_js_op>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_858160" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=858160&handlekey=savephoto_858160">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

搭建的电路如下图所示，DAC输出正弦波，经过同相放大电路，R6和R5都为10K，放大倍数为2倍，输出到A4脚ADC采样。
$$
V_{out} = V_{in} \times \left( 1 + \frac{R_6}{R_5} \right)
$$

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849525_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20241008013155083.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(17.65 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849525" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849525&handlekey=savephoto_849525">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

根据MCU的数据手册，可知ADC是14位的，ADC值范围是0到16383（0~5V）。

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849514_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20240913011717479-1726161441965-5.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(59.34 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849514" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849514&handlekey=savephoto_849514">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

```cpp
wave.amplitude(0.25);    // 设置幅值比例 0 ~ 1
```

设置DAC的幅值比例为0.25，则输出的正弦波的电压范围是0到1.25V，经过同相放大电路，电压范围是0到2.5V，输入到ADC中，ADC值则为0到8191。

### 6、效果展示

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849524_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20241008013102742.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(47.57 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849524" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849524&handlekey=savephoto_849524">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

波形与预期相符。

## 四、进阶任务

通过Wi-Fi，利用MQTT协议接入到开源的智能家居平台HA（HomeAssistant）

硬件：Arduino UNO R4 WiFi、USB-C to A线
软件：VSCode

### 1、代码

```cpp
#include <Arduino.h>
#include <WiFiS3.h>
#include <ArduinoHA.h>

// WiFi 设置
const char *ssid = "1708";           // WiFi名称
const char *password = "tsl199725?"; // WiFi密码

// MQTT 设置
const char *mqtt_server = "192.168.31.46";                        // MQTT服务器IP
uint16_t mqtt_port = 1883;                                        // MQTT端口
const char *mqtt_user = "arduino_uno_r4";                        // 用户名
const char *mqtt_password = "arduino_uno_r4";                    // 密码
const char *mqtt_client_id = "arduino";                            // 客户id
const char *topic_subscribe = "homeassistant/sensor/arduino";    // 订阅主题

WiFiClient client;
HADevice device(mqtt_client_id); // 创建一个HA设备
HAMqtt mqtt(client, device);

HASwitch led_switch("ledSwitch");        // 开关实体
uint32_t last_update_time;

void onSwitchCommand(bool state, HASwitch *sender);
void wifiAndMqttInit();
void printWifiStatus();

void setup()
{
    Serial.begin(115200);
    pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
    wifiAndMqttInit(); // 初始化

device.setName("Arduino");            // 设备名称
    device.setSoftwareVersion("1.0.0"); // 设备软件版本

led_switch.setIcon("mdi:led-outline");
    led_switch.setName("arduino LED");
    // led_switch.onCommand(onSwitchCommand);
}

void loop()
{
    mqtt.loop();

if ((millis() - last_update_time) > 1000)
    {
        if (digitalRead(LED_BUILTIN) == HIGH)
            led_switch.setState(true);
        else
            led_switch.setState(false);

last_update_time = millis();
    }
}

/**
 * @brief MQTT接收到数据后的回调函数
 *
 * @param topic
 * @param payload
 * @param length
 */
void onMqttMessage(const char *topic, const uint8_t *payload, uint16_t length)
{
    char message[length];
    memcpy(message, payload, length);
    message[length] = '\0';

// 打印接收的数据
    Serial.print("{dbg}New message on topic: ");
    Serial.println(topic);
    Serial.print("Data: ");
    Serial.println((const char *)message);

if (strstr(message, "ON") != NULL) // 在字符串中查找另一个子字符串
    {
        // uint8_t dutyCyclt = 0;
        // if (sscanf(message, "on#%d", &dutyCyclt) == 1) // 从一个字符串中读取数据，并按照指定的格式存储到变量中
        // {
        //     /* code */
        // }
        digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);
        Serial.println("LED ON");
    }
    else if (strstr(message, "OFF") != NULL)
    {
        /* code */
        digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);
        Serial.println("LED OFF");
    }
    else
    {
        Serial.println("Unrecongnized meaasge");
    }
    memset(message, 0, length);
}

/**
 * @brief 连接MQTT服务器后的回调函数
 *
 */
void onMqttConnected()
{
    Serial.println("Connected to the broker!");

mqtt.subscribe(topic_subscribe);
    Serial.println("Subscribe to topic: ");
    Serial.print(topic_subscribe);
    // mqtt.publish(topic_subscribe, "Hello, MQTT!");
}

/**
 * @brief 断开 MQTT broker后的回调函数
 *
 */
void onMqttDisconneted()
{
    Serial.println("Disconnected from the broker!");
}

/**
 * @brief MQTT连接状态改变后的回调函数
 *
 * @param state
 */
void onMqttStateChanged(HAMqtt::ConnectionState state)
{
    Serial.print("MQTT state changed to: ");
    Serial.println(static_cast<uint8_t>(state));
}

/**
 * @brief 连接WiFI和MQTT服务器
 *
 */
void wifiAndMqttInit()
{
    // 检查WiFi模组
    if (WiFi.status() == WL_NO_MODULE)
    {
        Serial.println("Communication with WiFi module failed!");
        while (true)
            ;
    }
    String fv = WiFi.firmwareVersion();
    if (fv < WIFI_FIRMWARE_LATEST_VERSION)
    {
        Serial.println("Please upgrade the firmware");
    }

// 连接WiFi
    WiFi.begin(ssid, password); // Connect to WPA/WPA2 network:
    Serial.print("Attempting to connect to WPA SSID: ");
    Serial.println(ssid);
    while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
    {
        WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
        delay(1000);
    }
    printWifiStatus();

// 配置MQTT
    Serial.println("Starting connect to MQTT server");
    mqtt.onMessage(onMqttMessage);           // 当设备接收到 MQTT 消息时调用
    mqtt.onConnected(onMqttConnected);       // 每次获取与 MQTT 代理的连接时调用
    mqtt.onDisconnected(onMqttDisconneted);   // 每次与 MQTT 代理的连接丢失时调用
    mqtt.onStateChanged(onMqttStateChanged); // 每次连接状态改变时调用
    mqtt.setDataPrefix("homeassistant/sensor"); // 设置数据主题的前缀

// 连接MQTT服务器
    if (!mqtt.begin(mqtt_server, mqtt_port, mqtt_user, mqtt_password))
    {
        Serial.print("Failed, rc = ");
        Serial.print(mqtt.getState());
        Serial.println(", try again in 5 seconds");
        delay(5000);
    }
}

/**
 * @brief 打印WiFi信息
 *
 */
void printWifiStatus()
{
    // print the SSID of the network you're attached to:
    Serial.print("SSID: ");
    Serial.println(WiFi.SSID());

// print your board's IP address:
    IPAddress ip = WiFi.localIP();
    Serial.print("IP Address: ");
    Serial.println(ip);

// print the received signal strength:
    long rssi = WiFi.RSSI();
    Serial.print("signal strength (RSSI):");
    Serial.print(rssi);
    Serial.println(" dBm");
}

```

### 2、说明

软件流程图：

<ignore_js_op>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_858161" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=858161&handlekey=savephoto_858161">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

关于Homeassistant的搭建，9月的技术直播中已经详细说明了，可以观看我的[录播回顾](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1884seCEAA)。

我的Homeassistant安装在Linux的docker容器中，EMQX没有使用docker，直接安装在Linux上。

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849518_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20241008004241641.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(79.25 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849518" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849518&handlekey=savephoto_849518">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849519_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20241008004409130.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(103.55 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849519" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849519&handlekey=savephoto_849519">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

**注意：在MQTT集成中，需要勾选“启用自动发现”，发现前缀配置为“homeassistant”，否则无法自动发现arduno开发板。**

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849520_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20241008004608818.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(85.4 KB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849520" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849520&handlekey=savephoto_849520">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

调用`dawidchyrzynski/home-assistant-integration`库，实现HA联动功能。

```cpp
HASwitch led_switch("ledSwitch");        // 开关实体
```

创建了1个HA开关实体，开发板连接到MQTT Broker后，HA自动发现，会在主页面上显示一个LED灯开关，开关可以控制开发板上的LED灯。

```cpp
if (digitalRead(LED_BUILTIN) == HIGH)
  led_switch.setState(true);    // 反馈开关状态到MQTT Broker
else
  led_switch.setState(false);    // 反馈开关状态到MQTT Broker
```

需要调用`led_switch.setState()`来将开关状态反馈到HA，如果HA获取不到开关状态，会默认开关状态是关。

### 3、效果展示

关灯状态

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849522_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20241008010001788.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(7.22 MB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849522" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849522&handlekey=savephoto_849522">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

开灯状态

<ignore_js_op>

<div class="tip tip_4 aimg_tip" id="aimg_849521_menu" style="position: absolute; display: none" disautofocus="true">
<div class="xs0">
<p><strong>image-20241008005929237.png</strong> <em class="xg1">(6.42 MB, 下载次数: 0)</em></p>
<p>
<a href="javascript:;" class="loginf" >下载附件</a>

<a href="javascript:;" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.getAttribute('url'), 'get', 0);" id="savephoto_849521" url="home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=album&op=saveforumphoto&aid=849521&handlekey=savephoto_849521">保存到相册</a>

</p>

</div>
<div class="tip_horn"></div>
</div>

</ignore_js_op>

## 五、扩展任务

硬件：Arduino UNO R4 WiFi、USB-C to A线、SHT40温湿度传感器扩展板、Qwiic缆线
软件：VSCode

### 1、代码

```cpp
#include <Arduino.h>
#include <WiFiS3.h>
#include <ArduinoHA.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <SensirionI2cSht4x.h>
#include <string.h>

// macro definitions
// make sure that we use the proper definition of NO_ERROR
#ifdef NO_ERROR
#undef NO_ERROR
#endif
#define NO_ERROR 0

// WiFi 设置
const char *ssid = "1708";           // WiFi名称
const char *password = "tsl199725?"; // WiFi密码

// MQTT 设置
const char *mqtt_server = "192.168.31.46";                    // MQTT服务器IP
uint16_t mqtt_port = 1883;                                    // MQTT端口
const char *mqtt_user = "arduino_uno_r4";                    // 用户名
const char *mqtt_password = "arduino_uno_r4";                // 密码
const char *mqtt_client_id = "arduino";                        // 客户id
const char *topic_subscribe = "homeassistant/sensor/arduino"; // 订阅主题

WiFiClient client;
HADevice device(mqtt_client_id); // 创建一个HA设备
HAMqtt mqtt(client, device);

HASensor sht4x_temp_sensor("sht4x_temp"); // 温度传感器实体
HASensor sht4x_humi_sensor("sht4x_humi"); // 湿度传感器实体
HASwitch led_switch("ledSwitch");        // 开关实体

SensirionI2cSht4x sensor;                    // SHT40

static char errorMessage[64];
static int16_t error;
uint32_t last_update_time;

void wifiAndMqttInit();
void printWifiStatus();

void setup()
{
    Serial.begin(115200);
    pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);

Wire1.begin();
    sensor.begin(Wire1, SHT40_I2C_ADDR_44);
    sensor.softReset();
    delay(10);

// 读取SHT40序列号
    uint32_t serial_number;
    error = sensor.serialNumber(serial_number);
    if (NO_ERROR != error)
    {
        Serial.print("Error trying to execute serialNumber(): ");
        errorToString(error, errorMessage, sizeof(errorMessage));
        Serial.println(errorMessage);
        return;
    }
    Serial.print("serialNumber: ");
  Serial.println(serial_number);

wifiAndMqttInit(); // 初始化

device.setName("Arduino");            // 设备名称
    device.setSoftwareVersion("1.0.0"); // 设备软件版本

led_switch.setIcon("mdi:led-outline");
    led_switch.setName("arduino LED");
    // led_switch.onCommand(onSwitchCommand);

sht4x_temp_sensor.setIcon("mdi:coolant-temperature");
    sht4x_temp_sensor.setName("温度传感器");
    sht4x_humi_sensor.setIcon("mdi:water-percent");
    sht4x_humi_sensor.setName("湿度传感器");
}

void loop()
{
    mqtt.loop();

if ((millis() - last_update_time) > 1000)
    {
        if (digitalRead(LED_BUILTIN) == HIGH)
            led_switch.setState(true);    // 反馈开关状态到MQTT Broker
        else
            led_switch.setState(false);    // 反馈开关状态到MQTT Broker

// 读取SHT40温湿度数据
        float a_temperature;
        float a_humidity;
        error = sensor.measureHighPrecision(a_temperature, a_humidity);
        if (NO_ERROR != error)
        {
            Serial.print("Error trying to execute measureHighPrecision(): ");
            errorToString(error, errorMessage, sizeof(errorMessage));
            Serial.println(errorMessage);
            return;
        }
        Serial.print("aTemperature: ");
        Serial.println(a_temperature);
        Serial.print("aHumidity: ");
        Serial.println(a_humidity);

// 发送数据到MQTT Broker
        String str = String(a_temperature, 2);
        sht4x_temp_sensor.setValue(str.c_str());
        sht4x_temp_sensor.setUnitOfMeasurement("℃");
        str = String(a_humidity, 2);
        sht4x_humi_sensor.setValue(str.c_str());
        sht4x_humi_sensor.setUnitOfMeasurement("%");
        last_update_time = millis();
    }
}

/**
 * @brief MQTT接收到数据后的回调函数
 *
 * @param topic
 * @param payload
 * @param length
 */
void onMqttMessage(const char *topic, const uint8_t *payload, uint16_t length)
{
    char message[length];
    memcpy(message, payload, length);
    message[length] = '\0';

// 打印接收的数据
    Serial.print("{dbg}New message on topic: ");
    Serial.println(topic);
    Serial.print("Data: ");
    Serial.println((const char *)message);

if (strstr(message, "ON") != NULL) // strstr()在字符串中查找另一个子字符串
    {
        // uint8_t dutyCyclt = 0;
        // if (sscanf(message, "on#%d", &dutyCyclt) == 1) // 从一个字符串中读取数据，并按照指定的格式存储到变量中
        // {
        //     /* code */
        // }
        digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);
        Serial.println("LED ON");
    }
    else if (strstr(message, "OFF") != NULL)
    {
        /* code */
        digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);
        Serial.println("LED OFF");
    }
    else
    {
        Serial.println("Unrecongnized meaasge");
    }
    memset(message, 0, length);
}