如何有效解决ESD静电问题
<pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">1 </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">产品的结构设计 <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;line-height:16.5pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">如果将释放的静电看成是洪水的话,那么主要的解决方法与治水类似,就是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>堵<span lang="EN-US">”</span>和<span lang="EN-US">“</span>疏<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。如果我们设计的产品有一个理想的壳体是密不透风的,静电也就无从而入,当然不会有静电问题了。但实际的壳体在合盖处常有缝隙,而且许多还有金属的装饰片,所以一定要加以注意。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;
text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;line-height:16.5pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">其一,用<span lang="EN-US">“</span>堵<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的方法。尽量增加壳体的厚离,即增加外壳到电路板之间的距离,或者通过一些等效方法增加壳体气隙的距离,这样可以避免或者大大减少<span lang="EN-US">ESD</span>的能量强度。<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:16.5pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
color:black">通过结构的改进,可以增大外壳到内部电路之间气隙的距离从而使<span lang="EN-US">ESD</span>的能量大大减弱。根据经验,<span lang="EN-US">8kV</span>的<span lang="EN-US">ESD</span>在经过<span lang="EN-US">4mm</span>的距离后能量一般衰减为零。<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;
text-indent:21.0pt;line-height:16.5pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">其二,用<span lang="EN-US">“</span>疏<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的方法,可以用<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>油漆喷涂在壳体的内侧。<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>油漆是导电的,可以看成是一个金属的屏蔽层,这样可以将静电导在壳体上;再将壳体与<span lang="EN-US">PCB</span>(<span lang="EN-US">Printed Circuit Board</span>)的地连接,将静电从地导走。这样处理的方法除了可以防止静电,还能有效抑制<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>的干扰。如果有足够的空间,还可以用一个金属屏蔽罩将其中的电路保护起来,金属屏蔽罩再连接<span lang="EN-US">PCB</span>的<span lang="EN-US">GND</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;text-indent:21.0pt;line-height:16.5pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">总之,<span lang="EN-US">ESD</span>设计壳体上需要注意很多地方,首先是尽量不让<span lang="EN-US">ESD</span>进入壳体内部,最大限度地减弱其进入壳体的能量。对于进入壳体内部的<span lang="EN-US">ESD</span>尽量将其从<span lang="EN-US">GND</span>导走,不要让其危害电路的其它部分。壳体上的金属装饰物使用时一定要小心,因为很可能带来意想不到的结果,需要特别注意。<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;
line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black">2 </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black">产品的<span lang="EN-US">PCB</span>设计<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">现在产品的<span lang="EN-US">PCB</span>(<span lang="EN-US">Printed Circuit Board</span>)都是高密度板,通常为<span lang="EN-US">4</span>层板。随着密度的增加,趋势是使用<span lang="EN-US">6</span>层板,其设计一直都需要考虑性能与面积的平衡。一方面,越大的空间可以有更多的空间摆放元器件,同时,走线的线宽和线距越宽,对于<span lang="EN-US">EMI</span>、音频、<span lang="EN-US">ESD</span>等各方面性能都有好处。另一方面,数码产品设计的小巧又是趋势与需要。所以,设计时需要找到平衡点。就<span lang="EN-US">ESD</span>问题而言,设计上需要注意的地方很多,尤其是关于<span lang="EN-US">GND</span>布线的设计以及线距,很有讲究。有些产品中<span lang="EN-US">ESD</span>存在很大的问题,一直找不到原因,通过反复研究与实验,发现是<span lang="EN-US">PCB</span>设计中的出现的问题。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;
line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black"> <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">为此,这里总结了<span lang="EN-US">PCB</span>设计中应该注意的要点:<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">(1)PCB</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">板边(包括通孔<span lang="EN-US">Via</span>边界)与其它布线之间的距离应大于<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue=".3" unitname="mm" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">0.3mm</span></st1:chmetcnv>;<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">(2)PCB</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">的板边最好全部用<span lang="EN-US">GND</span>走线包围;<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">(3)GND</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">与其它布线之间的距离保持在<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue=".2" unitname="mm" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">0.2mm</span></st1:chmetcnv>~<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue=".3" unitname="mm" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">0.3mm</span></st1:chmetcnv>;<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;
line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black">(4)Vbat</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black">与其它布线之间的距离保持在<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue=".2" unitname="mm" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">0.2mm</span></st1:chmetcnv>~<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue=".3" unitname="mm" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">0.3mm</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">;<o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">(5)</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">重要的线如<span lang="EN-US">Reset</span>、<span lang="EN-US">Clock</span>等与其它布线之间的距离应大于<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue=".3" unitname="mm" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">0.3mm</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">; <o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;
line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black">(6)</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black">大功率的线与其它布线之间的距离保持在<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue=".2" unitname="mm" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">0.2mm</span></st1:chmetcnv>~<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue=".3" unitname="mm" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">0.3mm</span></st1:chmetcnv>;<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">(7)</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">不同层的<span lang="EN-US">GND</span>之间应有尽可能多的通孔(<span lang="EN-US">VIa</span>)相连;<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;
line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black">(8)</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black">在最后的铺地时应尽量避免尖角,有尖角应尽量使其平滑。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">3 </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">产品的电路设计<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;
text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;line-height:16.5pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">在壳体和<span lang="EN-US">PCB</span>的设计中,对<span lang="EN-US">ESD</span>问题加以注意之后,<span lang="EN-US">ESD</span>还会不可避免地进入到产品的内部电路中,尤其是以下一些端口:<span lang="EN-US">USB</span>接口、<span lang="EN-US">HDMI</span>接口、<span lang="EN-US">IEEE1394</span>接口、天线接口、<span lang="EN-US">VGA</span>接口、<span lang="EN-US">DVI</span>接口、按键电路、<span lang="EN-US">SIM</span>卡、耳机及其他各类数据传输接口,这些端口很可能将人体的静电引入内部电路中。所以,需要在这些端口中使用<span lang="EN-US">ESD</span>防护器件。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:16.5pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
color:black">以往主要使用的静电防护器件是压敏电阻和<span lang="EN-US">TVS</span>器件,但这些器件普遍的缺点是响应速度太慢,放电电压不够精确,极间电容大,寿命短,电性能会因多次使用而变差。所以目前行业中普遍使用专业的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>静电抑制器<span lang="EN-US">”</span>来取代以往的静电防护器件 。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>静电抑制器<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是专业解决静电问题的产品,其内部构造和工作原理比其他产品更具科学性和专业性。它由<span lang="EN-US">Polymer</span>高分子材料制成,内部菱形分子以规则离散状排列,当静电电压超过该器件的触发电压时,内部分子迅速产生尖端对尖端的放电,将静电在瞬间泄放到地。它最大特点是反应速度快(<span lang="EN-US">0.5ns</span>~<span lang="EN-US">1ns</span>)、非常低的极间电容(<span lang="EN-US">0.05pf</span>~<span lang="EN-US">3pf</span>),很小的漏电流(<span lang="EN-US">1μA</span>),非常适合各种接口的防护。<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;
text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;line-height:16.5pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">因为静电抑制器具有体积小(<span lang="EN-US">0603</span>、<span lang="EN-US">0402</span>)、无极性、反应速度快等诸多优点,现在的设计中使用静电抑制器作为防护器件的比例越来越多,在使用时应注意以下几点:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;
line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black">1</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black">、将该器件尽量放置在需要保护的端口附近;<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">2</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">、到<span lang="EN-US">GND</span>的连线尽可能短<span lang="EN-US">;<o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">3</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">、所接<span lang="EN-US">GND</span>的面积尽可能大。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black">ESD </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black">的问题是众多重要问题之一。在不同的电子设备中有不同的方式来避免对电路的危害。由于现在的数码产品体积小、密度大,在<span lang="EN-US"> ESD </span>的防护上有独到的特点。通过大量的静电测试实验证明,采用本文的设计方法处理,将一个原本<span lang="EN-US">± 2kV </span>放电就会死机的产品加以保护和改进,在<span lang="EN-US">± 8kV </span>的静电放电情况下依然可以稳定工作,起到了很好的静电防护效果。随着电子设备使用的日益广泛,<span lang="EN-US"> ESD </span>设计是每一个结构设计工程师和电子设计工程师需要重点关心的问题,通过不断总结与学习,<span lang="EN-US"> ESD </span>问题将不再是一个难题!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;line-height:16.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></pre>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体"><o:p> 更多相关信息请继续关注:<b><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3" color="#FF00FF">中国最大的防静电净化产品采购网(www.esd.cn)</font></b></o:p></span></p> 非常好的思路.学习. 学习学习,这块儿确实对通信设备来说太难了!找不着北啊 怎么看不了
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