介绍一下国标直流充电桩充电流程
本帖最后由 火辣西米秀 于 2024-11-11 11:00 编辑<section data-role="outer" label="edit by 135editor">
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">在充电过程中,如果遇到无法直流充电的问题,了解充电流程能够更快的识别问题所在。</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">GB/T18487.1将充电流程分为:物理连接完成 、低压辅助上电、充电握手阶段 、充电参数配置阶段 、充电阶段、充电结束阶段,如图1。</span></section>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">图1 直流充电流程</span></p>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">一.物理连接</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">物理连接是电动汽车直流充电的第一步。较多的充电故障是在物理连接或参数配置阶段出现问题从而导致无法充电或充电启动失败。</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">国标的充电枪有16根枪线。9+7,9孔枪头,再加上7根枪线内的线缆,如图3所示。</span></section>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">图3 充电连接界面示意图</span></p>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">7根线是4+3。将枪头和枪座锁止的功能交给了充电桩,多出了电子锁的4根线; 将枪头温度检测功能交给了充电桩,又多了3根线。</span></section>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:18px;">图4 充电枪头和充电插座</span></p>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">充电枪的枪头上有一个机械锁,标准上约定为S开关。自然状态下为"常闭"</span></section>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">整个摘枪-插枪的物理连接过程可分为以下四步:</span></p>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">U1、U2电压为12V。</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">a. 充电前,枪头插在挂枪座上</span></section>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:18px;">图5 充电枪自然状态下未插入充电插座</span></p>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">S开关闭合,未插入充电插座中的CC1,经R2、S开关与PE(地)构成回路,如图5所示。此时非车载充电机控制器检测点1的电压为6V。</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">b. 按住枪头从挂枪座上取下枪头</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">图6 按住枪头从挂枪座上取下枪头</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">S开关断开、未插入充电插座(按住枪头),如图6所示。此时非车载充电机控制器检测点1的电压为12V。</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">c. 按住枪头,并将枪头插进枪座</span></section>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:18px;">图7 按住枪头,插入充电插座</span></p>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">S开关断开、插入充电插座,如图7所示。此时CC1回路经过车辆侧的R4电阻(1kΩ)经PE构成回路,非车载充电机控制器检测点1的电压为6V。车辆检测点2的CC2回路串R3电阻(1kΩ)经PE构成回路,车辆控制器检测点2的电压为6V。</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">d. 松开手,也即插入充电插座</span></section>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:18px;">图8 插入充电插座,松开枪头</span></p>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">S开关闭合、充电枪完全连接,电子锁动作(插入松手)如图8所示。非车载充电机控制装置通过测量检测点1的电压值判断车辆插头与车辆插座是否已完全连接,当检测点1的电压值为4V,则判断车辆接口完全连接。此时车辆控制器检测点2的电压为6V,判断已经连接。此时双方均已确认接口完全连接,电子锁锁定,车辆应国标要求应处于不可行驶状态。</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">检测点1(CC1)、检测点2(CC2)的电压变化如图9所示。</span></section>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">图9 检测点1(CC1)、检测点2(CC2)的电压变化</span></p>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">判断完成物理连接的依据是:1,CC1端口电平为4V;2,充电枪头和枪座锁止。</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">二.低压辅助上电</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">软件上,充电桩控制器执行闭合K3、K4的程序; 硬件上,K3、K4闭合,12V的辅助电源通过充电枪上的A+、A-给车辆端的BMS供电。</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">补充:</span>
<p><span style="font-size:18px;">1.当前,很多车型的BMS供电并不需要通过充电桩提供,而是由车辆的DC/DC供电。但是,即使如此,充电桩仍然需要执行K3、K4闭合的动作,车辆端要接收从0V跳变到12V的“使能”信号才会启动充电。</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">三.充电握手阶段</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">充电握手阶段分为握手启动和握手辨识两个阶段。</span></p>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">1.握手启动阶段</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">2.握手辨识阶段</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">3.充电握手流程分析</span></section>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">互发握手报文后,进入绝缘检测阶段。</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">a.充电握手阶段</span></p>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">物理连接后,辅助电源K3、K4闭合,使低压辅助供电回路导通,充电机启动握手报文。如图2.1。</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">图2.1 充电握手阶段</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">b.绝缘检测阶段1_检测是否满足绝缘要求。</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">闭合K1、K2进行绝缘检测,如图2.2所示。 绝缘检测时的输出电压应为车辆通信握手报文内的最高允许充电总电压和供电设备额定电压中的较小值。R>500Ω/V,绝缘正常;100Ω/V<R<500Ω/V,绝缘异常但仍可充电;R<100Ω/V,绝缘故障,不可充电。</span></section>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:18px;">图2.2 绝缘检测阶段1:闭合K1、K2</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">补充:</span></p>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">充电桩所做的绝缘检测,由充电模块发出的充电电压作为电压源,检测DC+和DC-母线对PE的阻抗。在做绝缘检测之前,K1、K2闭合,K5、K6断开。</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">c.绝缘检测阶段2:泄放能量</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">检测绝缘结束,断开绝缘检测电路开关。泄放电路开关闭合,启动泄放电路,如图2.3所示。</span></section>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:18px;">图2.3绝缘检测阶段2:泄放能量</span></p>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">d.辨识阶段:充电桩与车辆BMS互相辨识。</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">残余电压泄放完毕后退出泄放电路,断开K1和K2接触器,同时开始周期发送通信握手报文,如图2.4所示。</span></section>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:18px;">图2.4 辨识阶段:充电桩与车辆BMS互相辨识</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">补充:</span></p>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">充电桩系统的绝缘检测,在进入充电流程时,是由充电桩完成的; 进入充电流程之后,是由车辆完成的。</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">四.充电参数配置阶段</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">1.充电状态流程图</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">2.充电参数配置阶段流程</span></section>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">3.充电参数配置阶段流程分析</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">五.充电阶段</span></p>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">在充电配置阶段,车端闭合K5、K6,然后桩端闭合K1、K2,这样充电模块就和被充电的动力电池构成了充电回路,充电流程就进入了充电阶段。</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">在充电阶段,车端按50ms周期发BCL报文,按250ms周期发BCS报文,桩端按50ms周期发CCS报文。充电桩根据车端电压和电流需求,实时调整充电电压和充电电流。车端还会按照250ms的周期发送BSM报文,按10s的周期发送可选的报文,如BMV、BML、BSP等。桩端根据报文信息,实时判断电池状态是否正常,实时判断桩端是否满足充电结束条件。车端实时判断电压和电流是否正常,判断车端是否满足充电结束条件。车端满足充电结束条件,发送BST,桩端满足充电结束条件,发送CST。BST和CST的发送周期是10ms。充电状态流程如图1所示。</span></section>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:18px;">图1 充电状态流程图</span></p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:18px;">图2 充电阶段的报文</span></p>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">BCS报文信息包括动力电池组的充电电压、充电电流、最高单体电池电压、SOC、估算剩余时间。桩端超过5s没有收到该报文,就应立即结束充电。</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">BCL报文信息包括<strong>电压需求、电流需求和充电模式</strong>。桩端超过1s没有收到该报文,就应立即结束充电。</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">CCS文信息包括充电模块的输出电压、输出电流、累计充电时间、充电允许或暂停。BMS超过1s没有收到该报文,就应立即结束充电。</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">六.充电结束阶段</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">在充电阶段,充电模块收到中止充电指令后关闭模块的输出,执行泄放动作; 之后,充电流程才进入充电结束阶段。</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">在充电结束阶段的一开始,车端BMS和桩端控制器交互统计数据报文BSD和CSD,车端在确认充电电流变为小于5A ,收到CSD后断开 K5和 K6,桩端在收到BSD后断开 K3、K4,电子锁解锁。整个充电流程结束。</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">1.交互BSD和CSD报文</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">收到BST/CST之后,超过10s没有收BSD/CSD报文为通信超时故障。</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">CSD报文表示充电机本次充电过程的充电统计数据,包括累计充电时间,输出电量,充电机编号。</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">BSD报文表示BMS对于本次充电过程的充电统计数据,包括初始SOC、终止SOC、电池单体最低电压、最高电压、最低温度、最高温度。</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">2.断开接触器,解锁</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">3.非正常条件下充电中止</span></section>
<section><span style="font-size:18px;">1. 充电桩故障,2. 车辆故障,3. 通讯超时,4. 机械S开关状态异常,5. 电子锁故障,6. 输出电压超过电池允许电压。</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">整个直流充电过程和控制时序可见下图。</span></section>
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<section><span style="font-size:18px;">附图1 直流充电连接过程和控制时序</span></section>
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