火辣西米秀 发表于 2024-10-21 08:24

汽车充电桩各部分介绍

本帖最后由 火辣西米秀 于 2024-10-23 08:40 编辑

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section><strong>什么是充电桩</strong></section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<p>充电桩其功能类似于加油站里面的加油机,可以固定在地面或墙壁,安装于公共建筑(公共楼宇、商场、公共停车场等)和居民小区停车场或充电站内,可以根据不同的电压等级为各种型号的电动汽车充电。充电桩的输入端与交流电网直接连接,输出端都装有充电插头用于为电动汽车充电。充电桩一般提供常规充电和快速充电两种充电方式,人们可以使用特定的充电卡在充电桩提供的人机交互操作界面上刷卡使用,进行相应的充电方式、充电时间、费用数据打印等操作,充电桩显示屏能显示充电量、费用、充电时间等数据。</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>自19世纪第1辆电动汽车面世至今,均采用可充蓄电池作为其动力源。对于一辆电动汽车来讲,蓄电池充电设备是不可缺少的子系统之一。它的功能是将电网的电能转化为电动汽车车载蓄电池的电能。电动汽车充电装置的分类有不同的方法,总体上可分为车载充电装置和非车载充电装置。</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>车载充电装置指安装在电动汽车上的采用地面交流电网和车载电源对电池组进行充电的装置,包括车载充电机、车载充电发电机组和运行能量回收充电装置,将一根带插头的交流动力电缆线直接插到电动汽车的充电插座中给蓄电池充电。车载充电装置通常使用结构简单、控制方便的接触式充电器,也可以是感应充电器。它完全按照车载蓄电池的种类进行设计,针对性较强。非车载充电装置,即地面充电装置,主要包括专用充电机、专用充电站、通用充电机、公共场所用充电站等。它可以满足各种电池的各种充电方式。通常非车载充电器的功率、体积和重量均比较大,以便能够适应各种充电方式。</p>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<div style="text-align: center;"></div>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>另外,根据对电动汽车蓄电池充电时能量转换的方式不同,充电装置可以分为接触式和感应式。随着电力电子技术和变流控制技术的飞速发展,高精度可控变流技术的成熟和普及,分阶段恒流充电模式已经基本被充电电流和充电电压连续变化的恒压限流充电模式取代。主导充电工艺的还是恒压限流充电模式。接触式充电的最大问题在于它的安全性和通用性。为了使它满足严格的安全充电标准,必须在电路上采用许多措施使充电设备能够在各种环境下安全充电,恒压限流充电和分阶段恒流充电均属于接触式充电技术。新型的电动汽车感应充电技术发展很快。感应充电器是利用高频交流磁场的变压器原理,将电能从离车的远方感应到车载的副方,以达到给蓄电池充电的目的。感应充电的最大优点是安全,这是因为充电器与车辆之间并无直接的点接触,即使车辆在恶劣的气候下,如雨雪天,进行充电也无触电的危险。</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>电动汽车作为一种发展前景广阔的绿色交通工具,今后的普及速度会异常迅猛,未来的市场前景也是异常巨大的。在全球能源危机和环境危机严重的大背景下,我国政府积极推进新能源汽车的应用与发展,充/换电站作为发展电动汽车所必须的重要配套基础设施,具有非常重要的社会效益和经济效益。一场兴建电动汽车充/换电站的运动已经在全国范围内展开。</p>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<div style="text-align: center;"></div>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>整体系统由四部分组成:电动汽车充电桩、集中器、电池管理系统(BMS)、充电管理服务平台。</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>电动汽车充电桩(栓)的控制电路主要由嵌入式ARM处理器完成,用户可自助刷卡进行用户鉴权、余额查询、计费查询等功能,也可提供语音输出接口,实现语音交互。用户可根据液晶显示屏指示选择4种充电模式:包括按时计费充电、按电量充电、自动充满、按里程充电等。</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>电动汽车充电机控制器与集中器利用CAN总线进行数据交互,集中器与服务器平台利用有线互联网或无线GPRS网络进行数据交互,为了安全起见,电量计费和金额数据实现安全加密。</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>电池管理系统系统(BMS)的主要功能是监控电池的工作状态(电池的电压、电流和温度)、预测动力电池的电池容量(SOC)和相应的剩余行驶里程,进行电池管理以避免出现过放电、过充、过热和单体电池之间电压严重不平衡现象,最大限度地利用电池存储能力和循环寿命。</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>充电服务管理平台主要有三个功能:充电管理、充电运营、综合查询。充电管理对系统涉及到的基础数据进行集中式管理,如电动汽车信息、电池信息、用户卡信息、充电桩(栓)信息;充电运营主要对用户充电进行计费管理;综合查询指对管理及运营的数据进行综合分析查询。</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<p><strong>通信方式</strong></p>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<p>电动汽车充电桩属于配电网侧,其通信方式往往和配电网自动化一起综合考虑。通信是配电网自动化的一个重点和难点,区域不同、条件不同,可应用的通信方式也不同,具体到电动汽车充电桩,其通信方式主要有有线方式和无线方式:</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<p><strong>有线方式</strong></p>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<p>有线方式主要有:有线以太网(RJ45线、光纤)、工业串行总线(RS485、RS232、CAN总线)。</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>有线以太网主要优点是数据传输可靠、网络容量大,缺点是布线复杂、扩展性差、施工成本高、灵活性差。</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>工业串行总线(RS485、RS232、CAN总线)优点是数据传输可靠,设计简单,缺点是布网复杂、扩展性差、施工成本高、灵活性差、通信容量低。</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<p><strong>无线方式</strong></p>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<p>无线方式主要采用移动运营商的移动数据接入业务,如:GRPS、EVDO、CDMA等。</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>采用移动运营商的移动数据业务需要将电动汽车充电桩这一电网内部设备接入移动运营商的移动数据网络,需要支付昂贵的月租和年费,随着充电桩数量的增加费用将越来越大;同时数据的安全性和网络的可靠性都受到移动运营商的限制,不利于设备的安全运行;其次,移动运营商的移动接入带宽属共享带宽,当局部区域有大量设备接入时,其接入的可靠性和每个用户的平均带宽会恶化,不利于充电桩群的密集接入、大数据量的数据传输。</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<p>充电桩目前分为交流充电桩和直流充电桩:</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>交流充电桩输出单相/三相交流电通过车载充电机转换成直流电给车载电池充电,功率一般较小(有7kw、22kw、40kw等功率),充电速度一般较慢。</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>直流充电桩(或称非车载充电机)则是直接输出直流电给车载电池进行充电,功率较大(有60kw、120kw、200kw甚至更高),充电速度较快。</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<p><strong>交流充电桩</strong></p>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<p>交流充电桩只提供电力输出,没有充电功能,相当于一个控制电源的作用,需连接通过电动汽车内置的车载充电机(OBC, On Board Charger)将电网的交流电转换为直流电后对电动汽车的电池充电。</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>主控:NUC972 和 M480 系列</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>HMI:NUC972</p>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<div style="text-align: center;"></div>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<p><strong>直</strong><strong>流充电桩</strong></p>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<p>直流充电桩内置大功率直流充电模块,充电桩本身将电网的交流电转换为直流电,输出电流可以高达100A以上,按结构形式分类为两种:一体式和分体式直流充电桩。</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>直流充电桩基本构成包括:功率模块(直流充电模块)、控制模块、计费模块、充电接口、供电接口及 HMI 等。</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>方案架构:</strong></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp; 主控:NUC970 和M480 系列</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp; HMI:NUC970&nbsp; &nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp; CAN:NUC131</p>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<div style="text-align: center;"></div>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<p><strong>MCU/MPU 产品需求</strong></p>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<p><strong>交流充电桩</strong></p>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<p><strong>控制单元</strong></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp; NUC970 和 M480 系列</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>HMI 单元</strong></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp; NUC972</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<p><strong>直流充电桩</strong></p>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<p><strong>控制单元</strong></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp; NUC970 和 M480 系列</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>通信单元</strong></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp; NUC131</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>HMI 单元</strong></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp; NUC972</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<p><strong>充电桩主控需求</strong></p>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<p><strong>根据充电桩产品功能以及系统构成的差异,主控可以选择 Arm9 或 Cortex-M4</strong></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Nuvoton Cortex-M4系列,主频最高达192MHz。支持双 CAN2.0接口,支持最多11路Uart接口,支持USB HS /FS, Ethernet,EBI 等,满足与周边模组及车辆的交互需求,实现多种功能扩展。转换速率5Mbps ADC搭配多路高速PWM, 提供更及时的反馈和保护,内建高达 2.5 MB 快闪记忆体 ( Flash ) 及 160 KB SRAM ,包含32 KB 快取 ( Cache ) 用于加速外部 SPI Flash就地执行( eXecute-In-Place ) 。出厂前预先烧录bootloader,提供安全启动 ( Secure Boot ) 功能,可对存放于内建快闪记忆体内的程式码进行完整性检查,并整合安全保护区块 ( Secure Protection ROM ) ,提供一个用于保存机密程序或资料的安全空间。支持AES、SHA、ECC、DES 等 Cryptography 功能,全方位保护您的数据安全。</p>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<div style="text-align: center;"></div>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<p>Nuvoton Arm9 系列,执行速度高达 300 MHz ,内部堆栈DDR 内存,采用LQFP封装,简化电路设计和加工,强化系统EMI和EMC性能。支持双CAN2.0、USB、Ethernet,最多可支持11 路UART接口,满足与周边模组及车辆的交互需求。支持Linux 3.0和TFT LCD显示设备。</p>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<div style="text-align: center;"></div>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<p><strong>直流充电桩通信单元需求</strong></p>
</section>
</section>

<section>
<section>&nbsp;</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<section>
<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<p><strong>通信单元可以选择 NUC131</strong></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>高抗干扰能力 (ESD &gt; 8KV, EFT &gt; 4KV), 适合于工控与车用产品,宽工作电压 (2.5V ~ 5.5V) 与车规工作温度 (-40 ℃~ 105 ℃),内建 22.1184 MHz 高精度晶振 ( 1 % 准确度 ) 。备有丰富的外设, 如CAN2.0A/B, 定时器, 看门狗定时器,多组 UART , SPI , I&sup2;C , PWM , 12位 ADC , 模拟比较器等.提供多种包装 LQFP48, LQFP64。</p>
</section>
</section>

<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
<section>
<div style="text-align: center;"></div>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>

chejm 发表于 2024-10-23 23:14

<p>楼主关于充电桩的介绍内容非常实用,值得收藏学习,感谢楼主</p>
页: [1]
查看完整版本: 汽车充电桩各部分介绍