何谓BMS(Battery Management System)控制器？
本帖最后由 火辣西米秀 于 2024-9-11 08:34 编辑<section powered-by="xiumi.us">
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">众所周知汽车需要诸多控制器，其中，被称为新能源汽车的混合动力车、电动车中便包含了控制电池的控制器。本篇文章我们将介绍新能源汽车的电池控制系统 BMS(Battery Management System)，诸位若是感兴趣不妨接着看下去。</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">BMS正如它的全称Battery Management System一样，指的是<strong>电池控制系统</strong>。新能源汽车使用的电池是由许多小的电池单元（Cell）组成的集合体。BMS的主要功能之一是将电池单元聚集在一起形成一个电池包，确认该电池的充电/放电量、电池余量等。接下来我们将针对BMS的各个功能展开介绍。</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;"><图1> BMS控制器系统 (来源: Hyundai Autron)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">1.电池单元管理</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">正如上文所说BMS是用来管理电池单元的，可平衡各单元电压的系统，调节电压、确保电池不超负荷。某特定电池单元出现故障时，BMS的<strong>电芯均衡(cell balance)</strong>功能可控制其他电池单元代替其工作从而不影响整个电池包的使用。这样的电芯均衡功能可以延长电池寿命，提高电池使用效率。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:18px;">为了更有效地管理电池单元，BMS内部还装载了电流传感器和温度传感器。电流传感器测量电流从而控制电池的充/放电，电池为过流/低电流状态时，其诊断功能可帮助电池正常运转。</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">温度传感器通过测量电池模块的温度来判断温度高低，同样诊断功能可起到管理电池温度的作用。根据电池单元及模块数量的不同，温度传感器的数量可从1-2个增加到4个以上。电池外部装载的外部温度传感器可感知外部温度，进而通过诊断功能管理温度。</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">2.荷电状态(SOC)预测</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">通过感知电池的电流、电压、温度等来预测SOC，进而判断是否需要充电，也可以确认当前电池电量。根据指定的可用领域设定SOC上下限标准，超出指定的SOC区域时，BMS将执行Reset，并限制功率以防止继续充电，下面将对功率限制展开更加详细的说明。</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">3.功率限制</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">此功能可防止电池的过度充/放电。某些SOC异常的电池，充电完成后仍持续充电时，可通过功率限制来防止其继续充电；相反，低SOC状态下持续放电时，可通过功率限制来防止其继续放电。另外，也可根据温度和电压状态限制功率。比如温度或电压高于/低于特定值时，执行功率限制。</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;"><图2> BMS控制器结构（来源：网络）</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">4.诊断</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">即电池系统的故障诊断功能。可以检测出过/低电压、单体电池故障、电流传感器故障、温度传感器故障、断路/短路、 冷却风扇故障、通信异常、继电器熔接等多种故障，并将以上故障的故障码（DTC）发送到其他控制器。发生危险性故障时，可以直接关闭继电器，防止故障进一步扩大或发生危险。在实车环境中，可通过诊断设备确认DTC，诊断功能也是维修店确认故障原因从而进行修理的经常被使用的一项功能。</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">5.冷却控制</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">电池在使用过程中会出现过热现象，为防止该现象的产生就要进行冷却控制。BMS通常会设置冷却风扇，当电池温度上升至特定温度时，按阶段启动冷却风扇。BMS不仅可以通过温度，甚至可以通过车速来控制冷却风扇的速度。冷却风扇通常会使用一种接收PWM信号逐步调整占空比的方法，在车辆中以Hardwire方式连接，还可以通过CAN信号进行控制。</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">6. PRA(Power Relay Assembly)控制</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:18px;">指的是将高压电池电力供向马达或切断向马达供应电力的功能。高压电池出现故障时，需要关闭继电器以停止供电。通过关闭继电器保护高压电池，防止出现重大事故。</span></p>
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<p>BMS我以为就是电池管理</p>
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