gmchen 发表于 2024-8-2 19:58

【大学生电子竞赛题目分析】——2024年C题《无线传输信号模拟系统》

<div class='showpostmsg'><p>今年的大学生电子竞赛已经结束,这里对其中的C题进行分析。</p>

<p>一、任务</p>

<p >设计制作用于模拟产生无线传输信号的系统,包括模拟产生直达传输信号和多径传输信号,并合路得到模拟的无线传输信号。其中,直达信号的初相、幅值可设置,多径信号相对直达信号的时延、初相和幅值衰减可设置。系统的组成框图如图所示。模拟产生的直达信号S<sub>D</sub>、多径信号S<sub>M</sub>,以及合路的输出信号S<sub>Out</sub>都需要留出测试端口,以便进行测试。</p>

<p > &nbsp;</p>
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gmchen 发表于 2024-8-2 19:59

<p style="margin-top:8px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-family:黑体">二、要求</span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)模拟产生一个固定载波频率的无线传输信号,载波频率</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"> f<sub>c</sub> </span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">介于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">30MHz ~ 40MHz </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">之间,其中直达传输信号</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">D</span></sub><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">和多径传输信号</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">M</span></sub><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">满足以下要求:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<ol>
        <li style="margin-left:16px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">可设置无线传输信号为连续波(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">CW</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)信号或调幅(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">AM</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)信号。对于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"> AM </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">信号,其调制信号为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2MHz</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">频率的正弦信号。</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
        <li style="margin-left:16px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">模拟产生直达传输信号</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">D</span></sub><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,载波幅度有效值可设置,有效值范围为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">100mV ~ 1V </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,以</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"> 100mV </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的步进可调,要求幅度有效值误差不大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">10mV</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">;对于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">AM </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">信号,其</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">AM </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">调制度可设置,调制度范围为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">30%~90%</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,以</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">10%</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的步进可调,误差不大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">5%</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
        <li style="margin-left:16px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">模拟产生的多径传输信号</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">M</span></sub><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,其幅度衰减和时延可设置。相对直达信号,多径信号的时延范围为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">50 ~ 200 ns </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,以</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"> 30ns </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的步距步进可调,要求时延误差不大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">10ns</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">;幅度的衰减范围为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0 ~ 20 dB </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,以</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2 dB </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的步进可调,要求衰减误差不大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1dB</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ol>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)模拟产生载波频率覆盖</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">30 ~ 40MHz </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">波段的无线传输信号,载波频率</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">fc</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">以</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1MHz </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">为步进可设置,其中直达传输信号</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">D</span></sub> <span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">和多径传输信号</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">M</span></sub> <span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">满足以下要求:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<ol>
        <li style="margin-left:16px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">模拟产生直达传输信号</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">D</span></sub><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,在</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">30MHz ~ 40MHz </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">范围内设置载波频率,要求频率误差不大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2%</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">;其他可设置参数满足(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)中</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)和</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)的指标要求。</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
        <li style="margin-left:16px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">模拟产生多径传输信号</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">M</span></sub><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,相对直达信号</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">D</span></sub><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的初始相位可设置,设置范围为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">&deg;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">~180</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">&deg;,以</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">30</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">&deg;的步进可调,要求初始相位误差不大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">10</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">&deg;;其他可设置参数满足(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)中</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">3</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)的指标要求。</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
        <li style="margin-left:16px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">在频段</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">30MHz ~ 40MHz</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">内合路输出无线传输信号</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Out</span></sub><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,要求合路输出信号正确,波形稳定。</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
        <li style="margin-left:16px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">其他。</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ol>

gmchen 发表于 2024-8-2 20:00

<p style="margin-top:8px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-family:黑体">三、说明</span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)在无线通信中发射天线发射的无线通信信号,经过空间传输达到接收机天线处,是直达信号、多径信号合路形成的无线传输信号。因为在无线传输过程中,传输信道存在多径信道,也就是说无线电信号从发射天线发射,可能经过多个路径抵达接收天线,比如从建筑物或其他物体反射的信号与直接传输的直达信号一起被接收机接收,如下图所示。</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"> &nbsp;</p>

<p>(2)假设发射信号直达接收机的接收信号定义为x(t),对于多径信号可以表示为: 。其中,&alpha;, &tau;, &phi;三个参数反应多径信道特性,分别代表多径信号的幅度衰减、时延、以及多径引入的初相变化。初相变化通常假定为0&deg;~180&deg;。</p>

<p >(3)典型的直达和多径AM信号波形如下图所示。其中红色为直达信号,橙色为多径信号,它相对直达信号有时延、初相和幅度的变化。</p>

<p > &nbsp;</p>

gmchen 发表于 2024-8-2 20:01

<p align="left" style="margin-top:8px; text-align:left"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:黑体">题目分析与方案设计</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">综合题目的基本要求与提高要求,题目的要求可归纳为产生两路信号:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、直达信号</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">D</span></sub><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,有</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">CW</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">与</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">AM</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">两种信号,其载波频率可调(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">30MHz~40MHz</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">),载波幅度可调(有效值</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0.1V~1V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,步进</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0.1V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">),</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">AM</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">信号调制度可调(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">30%~90%</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,步进</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">10%</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、多径信号</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">M</span></sub><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,</span></span><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:5.0pt"><img id="_x0000_i1025" o:ole="" src="file:///C:/Users/gmchen/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.wmz" style="width:108.5pt; height:16.5pt" /> </span></span><span style="font-family:宋体">,其中幅度衰减</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">&alpha;</span></i><span style="font-family:宋体">为</span>0~20dB<span style="font-family:宋体">(步进</span>2dB<span style="font-family:宋体">),时延</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">&tau;</span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">为</span></span>50ns~200ns<span style="font-family:宋体">(步进</span>30ns<span style="font-family:宋体">),相移</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"> &phi;</span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">为</span></span>0~180<span style="font-family:宋体">&deg;(步进</span>30<span style="font-family:宋体">&deg;)。</span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">下面逐一讨论。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

gmchen 发表于 2024-8-2 20:02

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:黑体">一、直达信号</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">直达信号有两种类型:连续波与调幅波。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:黑体">连续波(载波):</span></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">要求频率</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">30MHz~40MHz</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">可调,幅度</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0.1V~1V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">按步进</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0.1V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">可调。这个信号比较简单,可以有多种满足要求的电路,例如</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">DDS</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、频率合成器、压控</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">LC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">振荡器等。其中,压控</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">LC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">振荡器电路最为简单,输出频率可以连续调节,但是其频率稳定性最差。频率合成器与</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">DDS</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">均可以做到极高的频率稳定度,但频率合成器只能产生频率步进变化的信号,而</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">DDS</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">可以产生频率几乎连续变化的信号。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">实现幅度控制的电路有:数控衰减器、可编程增益放大器(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">PGA</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)、压控增益放大器(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">VGA</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)、乘法器(用直流电平控制)等。或者直接用电阻网络构成步进衰减器(只能实现有限个步进衰减值)。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">值得注意的是,如果采用</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">DDS</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">产生信号,那么大部分</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">DDS</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">芯片内部可以直接设置其输出电平而无需上述幅度控制电路。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

gmchen 发表于 2024-8-2 20:04

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif">AM</span></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:黑体">波:</span></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">其载波就是上述连续波。要求调制频率为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2MHz</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,调制度为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0.3~0.9</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,按步进</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0.1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">可调。上述产生连续波的所有方法均可用于调制信号产生。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">AM</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">波的表达式为</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"> &nbsp;</p>

<p>其中V<sub>c</sub>是载波的幅度,&omega;<sub>c</sub>与&omega;<sub>m</sub>分别是载波频率与调制波频率,m<sub>a</sub>是调制度。</p>

<p >所以用乘法器与加法器可以实现AM调制。通常乘法器的函数关系是W=kXY,其中k是乘法器的系数。若将调制信号V<sub>m</sub>cos(&omega;<sub>m</sub>t)输入X,则调制度m<sub>a</sub>=kV<sub>m</sub>,即改变调制信号的幅度就可以改变调制度。</p>

<p >以一个乘法器芯片AD835为例,该芯片的函数关系是W=kXY+Z,其中的系数k&asymp;1(单位是1/V)。所以若将载波信号输入该芯片的Y端与Z端,调制信号输入该芯片的X端,则输出的AM信号载波幅度由输入的载波信号幅度确定,调制度由输入的调制信号幅度确定。</p>

<p>下图就是用AD835构成的AM调制电路。</p>

<p> &nbsp;</p>

gmchen 发表于 2024-8-2 20:06

<p>二、多径信号</p>

<p >多径信号的基本产生方法与值达信号是一致的,但是有时延与相移的要求,这是本题中的难点。</p>

<p >先讨论<b>连续波的多径信号</b>,以&alpha;, &tau;, &phi;表示幅度衰减、时延、初相变化,其表达式为</p>

<p > &nbsp;</p>

<p>将连续波信号做一个衰减&alpha;,再增加一个相移&Delta;&phi;=&omega;<sub>c</sub>&tau;+&phi;,就可以得到连续波的多径信号。由于相位的周期性,这个相移被局限在0~2&pi;之间。</p>

gmchen 发表于 2024-8-2 20:07

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">幅度衰减的实现方法前面已经讨论过,下面讨论实现相移</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">&Delta;<i>&phi;</i></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的方法。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">一个直观的方法是</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">RC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">移相(包括无源的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">RC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">与有源的全通滤波器)。这个方法的问题在于:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<ol>
        <li style="margin-left:12px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">通常一级</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">RC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的移相范围控制在</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">60</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">&deg;以内比较合适,要做到</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">360</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">&deg;移相大概需要</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">6</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">级。</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
        <li style="margin-left:12px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">RC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">移相会造成幅度的变化,要注意幅度的补偿。采用全通滤波器可以保持输出幅度的基本不变,但是其中的运放必须有足够高的频响。</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
        <li style="margin-left:12px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">RC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">移相的角度与频率有关,所以当频率改变后其</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">RC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">时间常数必须随之改变。</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
        <li style="margin-left:12px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">调节相位需要改变</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">或</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">C</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,用微处理器控制时比较困难。若只有为数不多的几个步进值尚可用模拟开关切换等手段实现,若步进很密集或者需要连续控制时几乎无法实现,可能只能采用电位器手动调节。</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ol>

<p style="margin-left:28px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">总之,这个方法是一个比较麻烦的方法,基本上很难得到一个完美的移相结果。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

gmchen 发表于 2024-8-2 20:09

本帖最后由 gmchen 于 2024-8-2 21:55 编辑

<p>第二个方法是采用正交信号叠加。</p>

<p>假定能得到连续波Vcos(&omega;t)的正交信号Vsin(&omega;t),将它们加权叠加,V=k<sub>I</sub>Vcos(&omega;t)+k<sub>Q</sub>Vsin(&omega;t)。两个加权系数的范围均为-1~ +1。若满足平方和等于1(即分别为相移角的余弦与正弦),则叠加后的信号幅度不变,相位取决于两个加权系数且可以任意变化,如下图所示。</p>

<p> &nbsp;</p>

<p>这个方法中,两个信号的加权过程可以用乘法器实现,加权系数由微处理器产生,移相精度取决于两个加权系数的准确度,可以得到比较完美的移相信号。</p>

<p>这个方法的重点在于得到与I信号同频同幅的正交信号Q。</p>

<p>若采用RC移相网络,则必须考虑频率改变后RC时间常数的调整。尽管与前一个RC直接移相的方法相比,由于只要一个固定的90度相移,所以在实现方法上简化了很多,但还是比较麻烦的。所以比较适用于一个固定频率信号的场合。</p>

<p>理论上也可以采用积分电路实现90度相移。但是实际上要考虑运放的偏置电流与输入失调等因素,不可能做到理想积分电路,所以实际的相移可能不到90度。另外,对于高频信号,积分器的稳定问题也是必须考虑的。</p>

<p>若信号是采用锁相环频率合成的方法产生的,那么可以比较简单的得到一对正交信号。其方法是产生一个4倍于需要信号频率的信号,然后用逻辑电路将它分频,就可以得到一对正交信号。由于逻辑电路的输出通常是矩形波,所以后面还需要有合适的滤波器将矩形波转变为正弦波。</p>

gmchen 发表于 2024-8-2 20:11

<p>第三个方法是由DDS直接产生多径信号。</p>

<p >对于多通道输出的DDS芯片,通常都可以独立控制各个通道的频率、初相位与幅度,所以用DDS芯片可以直接产生带有相对相位差与幅度差的两路同频信号,其中一路作为直达信号,另一路就可以直接作为多径信号,是所有实现多径信号的方法中最为简捷的。</p>

gmchen 发表于 2024-8-2 20:15

本帖最后由 gmchen 于 2024-8-3 07:53 编辑

<p>下面讨论<b>AM</b><b>波的多径信号</b>。</p>

<p>AM波包含基频与上下两个边频,将直达信号的表达式记为</p>

<p> &nbsp;</p>

<p>根据题目说明中关于多径信号的要求,</p>

<p> &nbsp;</p>

<p>上述基频与边频均有相同的衰减、时延与相移,所以多径信号的表达式为</p>

<p> &nbsp;容易证明,上式可以写为</p>

<p> &nbsp;</p>

<p>所以多径AM信号可以用多径载频信号与多径调制信号通过相乘与相加实现。其中多径载频信号的幅度乘以衰减因子&alpha;,相移&Delta;&phi;<sub>c</sub>=&omega;<sub>c</sub>&tau;+&phi;;多径调制信号的调制度不变,相移&Delta;&phi;<sub>m</sub>=&omega;<sub>m</sub>&tau;。</p>

<p>必须注意到的是:这两个多径信号的相移中,除了一个表示初相位的&phi;以外,表示时延的相移是完全不同的,多径载频信号的是&omega;<sub>c</sub>&tau;,而多径调制信号的是&omega;<sub>m</sub>&tau;,也就是说相移与频率成正比。这表示它是一个具有平坦群延时特性的线性相位系统。</p>

<p>由于三角函数的周期性,在实际电路中,上述两个相移均在360度以内。即载频相移&Delta;&phi;<sub>c</sub>=2<img alt="\pi" src="https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/gif.latex?%5Cpi" />{(f<sub>c</sub>&tau;+&phi;/2<img alt="\pi" src="https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/gif.latex?%5Cpi" />)},调制相移&Delta;&phi;<sub>m</sub>=2<img alt="\pi" src="https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/gif.latex?%5Cpi" />{(f<sub>m</sub>&tau;)},式中{x}表示取x的小数部分。</p>

gmchen 发表于 2024-8-2 20:16

本帖最后由 gmchen 于 2024-8-2 20:27 编辑

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">按照上述原理,可得到本题目设计方案的结构框图如下:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"> &nbsp;</p>

<p>与前面的设计过程中略有差异的是:为了提高精度,两个信号发生器传输的信号幅度没有做预先的衰减。其中原始信号的幅度V<sub>c</sub>按照调制器的最大允许幅度进行设计,调制信号的幅度V<sub>m</sub>按照调制器中乘法器的系数k以及调制度m<sub>a</sub>进行设计。然后将多径信号按照题目的要求进行多径衰减,合路后的信号再根据题目的要求进行幅度控制。</p>

<p >&nbsp;</p>

okhxyyo 发表于 2024-8-2 21:35

<p>酷!!!!!真的是最热乎的干货!!老师你太赞啦!!!</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><img height="48" src="https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/static/editor/plugins/hkemoji/sticker/facebook/wanwan76.gif" width="48" /><img height="48" src="https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/static/editor/plugins/hkemoji/sticker/facebook/wanwan79.gif" width="52" /><img height="48" src="https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/static/editor/plugins/hkemoji/sticker/facebook/wanwan79.gif" width="52" /><img height="48" src="https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/static/editor/plugins/hkemoji/sticker/facebook/wanwan79.gif" width="52" /></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>谢谢老师的长篇讲解!辛苦啦~~</p>

gmchen 发表于 2024-8-3 08:28

<p>这个题的关键,是<strong>不能先做一个直达信号,然后从这个直达信号中得到多径信号</strong>。因为这样做,就必须制作一个延时长达200ns的线性相位系统,这几乎是一个不可完成的任务。</p>

<p>而如果将直达信号与多径信号分开制作,最后再将两个信号合并,则由于三角函数的周期性,多径信号的延时可以控制在360度之内,就有多种方法可以选择。</p>

jiajie270 发表于 2024-8-3 08:28

<p>谢谢老师详细的分析,不是自己平常接触的方向,学习到很多新的知识!</p>

rhb2217304867 发表于 2024-8-4 12:17

<p>这一题挺简单的,但是广东这边的老师测评极其恶心,处处刁难。有测评老师要求我们直达信号频率跟延时信号的频率应该要能独立控制,我们做不到是因为钻了空子,怕是测评老师连多径信号是什么都不知道<img height="53" src="https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/static/editor/plugins/hkemoji/sticker/facebook/sad.gif" width="54" /></p>

gmchen 发表于 2024-8-4 20:00

rhb2217304867 发表于 2024-8-4 12:17
这一题挺简单的,但是广东这边的老师测评极其恶心,处处刁难。有测评老师要求我们直达信号频率跟延时信号的 ...

<p>严格地说,多径信号的频率是可能变化的,这主要是由于移动物体(例如汽车)的反射引起的多普勒效应。但是在本题中,已经给出了多径信号的表达式,那就应该按照表达式来。</p>

rhb2217304867 发表于 2024-8-5 11:52

gmchen 发表于 2024-8-4 20:00
严格地说,多径信号的频率是可能变化的,这主要是由于移动物体(例如汽车)的反射引起的多普勒效应。但是 ...

<p>好的,谢谢陈老师<img height="48" src="https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/static/editor/plugins/hkemoji/sticker/facebook/handshake.gif" width="48" /></p>

laker2008 发表于 2024-8-5 14:59

<p>虽然看不懂,但还是想点个赞,泰库拉~~~满满的都是干货,让我怀疑我上了一个假大学,假专业,<img height="28" src="https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/static/editor/plugins/hkemoji/sticker/facebook/smiling-face-with-open-mouth-and-cold-sweat_1f605.png" width="28" /></p>

QuaX_Chow 发表于 2024-8-5 23:19

<p>测评老师是不知道题目的,他们只会按照测评表上的要求进行测评。测量条件没满足直接不测,该项目完全没分。并且本次电赛设计赛题及测评的人极为不专业,甚致认为信号时延仅需调整初相位即可,忽略t趋近于+0时多径信号SM(t)应该为0</p>
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查看完整版本: 【大学生电子竞赛题目分析】——2024年C题《无线传输信号模拟系统》