【大学生电子竞赛题目分析】——2016年江苏省TI杯F题《位同步时钟提取电路》
<div class='showpostmsg'><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>题目</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-family:黑体">一、任务</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">设计并制作一个从二进制基带信号中提取位同步时钟的电路,并能测定和显示提取出的位同步时钟频率,设计制作的电路组成框图如下图所示。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-family:黑体">二、要求 </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">1</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)设计制作“基带信号产生电路”,用来模拟二进制数字通信系统接收端中被抽样判决的非逻辑电平基带信号。要求:</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:75px; text-indent:-14.15pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">1) m</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">序列发生器的反馈特征多项式(本原多项式)为</span></span><span style="115%"> <i>f</i>(<i>x</i>)=<i>x</i><sup>8</sup>+<i>x</i><sup>4</sup>+<i>x</i><sup>3</sup>+<i>x</i><sup>2</sup>+1</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,其序列输出信号及外输入</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">ck </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">信号均为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> TTL </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">电平。</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:75px; text-indent:-14.1pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">2) </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">设计制作</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 3dB </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">截止频率为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 300kHz </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的无限增益多路负反馈二阶有源低通滤波器,对</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">m </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">序列输出信号进行滤波,并衰减为峰峰值</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">0.1V</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的基带模拟信号(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">A</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">信号)。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">2</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)当</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">m</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">序列发生器外输入</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">ck </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">信号频率为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">200kHz </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">时,设计制作可从</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">A</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">信号中提取出位同步时钟(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">B</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">信号)的电路,并数字显示同步时钟的频率。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">3</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)改进位同步时钟提取电路,当</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">m</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">序列发生器外输入</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">ck</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">信号频率在</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">200kHz~240kHz</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">之间变化时,能从</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">A</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">信号中自适应提取位同步时钟,并数字显示同步时钟的频率。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">4</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)降低位同步时钟(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">B</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">信号)的脉冲相位抖动量</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">Δ</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,要求</span></span><span style="115%"> Δ<sub>max</sub></span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">≤</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">1</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">个位同步时钟周期的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">10%</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">5</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)其他。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-family:黑体">三、说明</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">1</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)位同步是数字同步传输的基础同步技术,是指接收端提取的位同步时钟与发送端位时钟在频率上严格相等、相位差固定的信号同步状态。接收端位时钟需从收到的基带数据序列中提取,并将作为接收端的抽样判决脉冲及进一步实现其他同步使用。数字通信系统中的“位”指的是最基本的码元,发送端位时钟(题目中</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> m </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">序列发生器外输入时钟</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> ck</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)是数据序列的码元时钟。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">2</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)要求“基带信号产生电路”必须制成单独的电路板,只能用两条输出信号线(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">A </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">信号线、地线)与位同步时钟提取电路部分连接。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">)无限增益多路负反馈二阶有源低通滤波器类型(如切比雪夫型或巴特沃斯型)不限。</span></span></p>
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<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">本题目有三部分设计,内容如下:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">一、</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">m</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">序列发生器。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">可以用移位寄存器加异或门实现,下图就是根据题目给定的本原多项式实现的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">m</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">序列发生器的原理图。其中右边三个异或门实现了本原多项式中</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">x</span></i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">8</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">x</span></i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">4</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">x</span></i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">3</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">x</span></i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">四个寄存器输出的按位相加。最左边的异或门和</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">8</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">输入或非门实现了全零排除电路,若没有这部分电路,当所有寄存器位都输出“</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">”时系统将被锁死。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"> </p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">二、有源低通滤波器与衰减器。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">在真实的数字通信系统中,这个位于数字序列发生器与接收器之间的低通滤波器实际上有两部分:第一部分是在数字调制电路中为了抑制矩形脉冲信号的高次谐波造成的带外功率辐射而插入的预调制滤波器,通常该滤波器是一个具有平坦延迟特性的低通滤波器,如高斯滤波器。第二部分不是一个实际的滤波器电路,而是具有低通特性的通信信道。本题中用一个低通滤波器模拟实际通信中的上述两部分,规定了截止频率为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">300kHz</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">阶、以及电路类型为无限增益多路反馈滤波器。为了减少脉冲响应的过冲、得到较平坦的延迟特性,可以选择贝塞尔型或巴特沃斯型滤波器,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">值不宜大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0.7</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">由于滤波器截止频率</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">300kHz</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,信号(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">200kHz~240kHz</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)中的各高次谐波均被滤除,经过低通滤波器的信号波形类似正弦波,但并非周期波形。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify">三、同步时钟提取电路。</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">该电路应该包含三部分。第一部分是一个低噪声放大器,将0.1V类似正弦波的信号放大到合适的电平后,用过零比较器整形成矩形脉冲。第二部分是基于锁相环的同步信号提取电路。第三部分是由单片机完成的频率显示电路,兼有全系统控制的功能。</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">上述电路中的同步信号提取电路是本题的核心,其基本结构是一个边沿检测电路与一个锁相环。</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">边沿检测电路将输入矩形脉冲信号的前后沿整形为脉冲信号,具体结构与信号波形如下:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify"> </p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">锁相环根据边沿检测电路产生的脉冲信号恢复出连续的同步信号,具体的设计要求分析如下:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">为了获得最佳的捕捉范围,锁相环采用</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">PFD</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">鉴相。锁相环中</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">VCO</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的可控振荡频率范围必须大于输入信号的频率范围(在本题中是时钟信号</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">CK</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的频率范围)。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">本题位同步电路中的环路滤波器设计具有一定的特殊性,除了阻尼因子通常取</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0.7</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">左右外,其自然频率还与</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">m</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">序列的特性有关。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">m</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">序列发生器产生的是一种伪随机码。此码的特点是由</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">n</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">级移位寄存器产生的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">m</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">序列能产生最大长度为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2<sup>n</sup>-1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">位的码序列,在本题中为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2<sup>8</sup>-1=255</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">位,其中</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">和</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的数目基本相等(一个周期中</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的数目比</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的数目多一个)。连续的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">或者连续的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">被称为游程,游程中</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">或</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的个数称为游程长度。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">n</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">级</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">m</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">序列的一个码序列周期中总共有</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2<sup>n-1</sup></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">个游程,其中长度为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的游程占总游程数的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1/2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,长度为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的游程占总游程数的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1/4</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">… </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,长度为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">k</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的游程占总游程数的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1/(2k)</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。且长度为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">k</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的游程中,连</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">与连</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的游程数各占一半。最长的游程是</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">n</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">个全</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">以及</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">n-1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">个全</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">当</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">m</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">序列中长度大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的游程出现时,由于输入信号在大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">个时钟周期的时间内保持连续不变,所以边沿提取电路输出的边沿脉冲信号将出现缺失。本题的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">m</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">序列的最长游程是</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">8</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">个</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,即可能会有</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">8</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">个时钟周期内锁相环得不到输入的边沿脉冲信号。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">下图是鉴相器与环路滤波器工作状态的示意图。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">PFD</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">鉴相器根据输入信号脉冲的上升沿触发,在正常锁定状态,锁相环的输出与输入同频,也就是说</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">PFD</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">会同时得到输入信号脉冲与锁相环的输出反馈的两个上升沿,其输出为高阻状态(图中虚线),环路滤波器的输出保持不变。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">一旦输入出现连续</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">或者连续</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">0</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">的情况,输入信号边沿脉冲缺失,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">PFD</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">就仅有反馈信号而没有输入信号。在这种情况下,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">PFD</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">的输出将直接跳变为其输出高电平并保持到下一个边沿脉冲出现。此情况下环路滤波器得到一个阶跃输入电压,其输出将按照指数规律上升。对于超前滞后型环路滤波器,其输出电压为</span></span> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">其中</span></span><i><span lang="EL" style="line-height:115%">V<sub>S</sub></span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">是环路滤波器得到的阶跃输入电压,</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">V</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">(0)</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">是阶跃输入发生前的环路滤波器输出电压。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">为了分析方便,将上述指数方程做一些合理的近似。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">考虑到出现连续</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">或连续</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的时间</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">t</span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">通常总是远小于环路滤波器的时间常数(否则锁相环将无法锁定),即有</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">t</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"><<(<i>R</i><sub>1</sub>+<i>R</i><sub>2</sub>)<i>C</i></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,上述指数可以用幂级数展开并取其线性项,因此有</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">再根据大部分锁相环的环路滤波器都有</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"><<<i>R</i><sub>1</sub></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的特点,将上述方程进一步简化为</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"> </p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">所以在出现输入信号连续</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">或连续</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的情况下,近似认为环路滤波器的输出电压在阶跃电压输入后线性上升。在这个上升电压控制下,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">VCO</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的输出相位为</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">所以在阶跃发生后,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">VCO</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的输出相位将持续超前,</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">t</span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">时刻的输出相位变化量为</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"> </p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">这个相位变化量就是锁相环的输出相位抖动。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">由前面的示意图可见,若输入连续</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">n</span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">个</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">或</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,阶跃脉冲发生在第</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">个位周期结束时,最大的相位抖动发生在第</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">n</span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">个位周期后,所以出现最大相位抖动时的t=(n-1)Ts</span></span><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:5.0pt"> </span></span><span style="font-family:宋体">,即有</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">可见锁相环的输出相位抖动与输入信号的连续</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">或连续</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(游程)长度</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">n</span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">有关,且基本呈平方关系。由于</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">n</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">=1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">就是输入连续波(载波),所以包含调制信息的比特流</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">n</span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">≥</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。在其他参数不变的条件下,</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">n</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">=2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">有最小的输出相位抖动。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">已知超前滞后型环路滤波器的自然频率为</span></span></p>
<p> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">所以前面的关系还可写为</span></span></p>
<p> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">满足输出相位抖动要求的自然频率为</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">上式就是在这种输入信号条件下的自然频率设计约束条件。其中</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">n</span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">是连续</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">或</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的个数,</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Δφ</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">max</span></sub><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">是最大相位抖动量,</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">K<sub>d</sub></span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">是鉴相增益,</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">V<sub>S</sub></span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">是输入环路滤波器的阶跃电压,</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">T<sub>s</sub></span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">是正常的同步脉冲周期。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">由于在阶跃输入电压产生之前鉴相器的输出是高阻,而环路滤波器后面</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">VCO</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的输入电阻也很高,可以认为没有电流流过</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span></sub><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">与</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R</span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span></sub><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,所以在阶跃产生之前环路滤波器的输入电压与输出电压均等于电容</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">C</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">上的电压。由此得到环路滤波器的阶跃输入电压</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">V<sub>S</sub></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">=<i>V<sub>H</sub></i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">-</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">V</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">(0)</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。通常情况下,阶跃输入发生前的环路滤波器输出电压</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">V</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">(0)≈<i>V<sub>H</sub></i>/2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,所以</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">V<sub>S</sub></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">=<i>V<sub>H</sub></i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">-</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">V</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">(0)≈<i>V<sub>H</sub></i>/2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。而</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">PFD</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的鉴相增益</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">K<sub>d</sub></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">=<i>V<sub>H</sub></i>/4<i>π</i></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,因此上述约束条件还可以近似为</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">回到本题目,要求脉冲相位抖动量低于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">个位同步时钟周期的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">10%</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,即</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Δ<i>φ</i><sub>max</sub>=2π/10</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。题目给定的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">m</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">序列的最大游程</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">n</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">=8</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,最大的同步信号周期为</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">T<sub>s</sub></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">=1/(2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">×</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">10<sup>5</sup>)</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。将这些数据代入,就可以得到自然频率</span></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的约束条件为</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">ω<sub>n</sub></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"><9035</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">在载波同步电路中,通常不会有输入信号脉冲缺失的情况,只有大量的噪声会影响输出的相位抖动,所以只要按照自然频率必须远低于输入信号频率的关系约束自然频率。另外还可以增加锁相环的阶数来过滤高频噪声,以降低由于噪声引起的输出相位抖动。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">然而在位同步电路中可能存在输入信号脉冲缺失,此时要按照上述讨论提出的由输出相位抖动来确定自然频率约束条件。可以这样理解:输入信号脉冲缺失等效于</span></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">输入信号中存在比同步信号更低的频谱分量,这种情况下增加锁相环的阶数是无能为力的,所以必须依靠降低锁相环的闭环带宽来解决由它引起的相位抖动。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">当然,降低自然频率必然会增加捕捉时间。所以若系统的捕捉时间还有要求,那就可能要在相位抖动与捕捉时间之间作合理的折衷,或者采用其他提高捕捉能力的辅助电路,例如扫描式捕捉电路。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">本题的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">m</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">序列实际上是在模拟原始信息的比特流,而原始信息比特流的游程长度是不确定的,那样的话要控制锁相环的输出相位抖动就很困难。所以在实际的数字信号传输中要采用某种编码方式,控制编码后的比特流中的游程长度。例如应用很广泛的曼彻斯特码,它最大的连续</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">或连续</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">长度只有</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">个时钟周期,显然采用这种编码后可以得到最小的输出相位抖动。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"> </p>
本帖最后由 gmchen 于 2022-4-21 10:19 编辑
<p>说明</p>
<p>本篇分析内容涉及锁相环设计中的许多基本知识点,不熟悉的可以参阅拙文《漫话锁相环——设计步骤概论》 https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/thread-607483-1-1.html</p>
知识永远不过时,加油!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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