gmchen 发表于 2022-1-24 22:27

【大学生电子竞赛题目分析】——2020年TI杯E题《放大器非线性失真研究装置》

<div class='showpostmsg'><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-family:黑体">一、任务 </span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">设计并制作一个放大器非线性失真研究装置,其组成如图所示,图中的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">K1</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">和</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">K2</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">1</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">&times;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">2</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">切换开关,晶体管放大器只允许有一个输入端口和一个输出端口。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"> &nbsp;</p>
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gmchen 发表于 2022-1-24 22:27

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-family:黑体">二、要求 </span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">K<sub>1</sub></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">和</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">K<sub>2</sub></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">均投到各自的&ldquo;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">&rdquo;端子,外接信号源输出频率</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1kHz</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、峰峰值</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">20mV</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的正弦波作为晶体管放大器输入电压</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">u<sub>i</sub></span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,要求输出无明显失真及四种失真波形</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">u<sub>o</sub></span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,且</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">u<sub>o</sub></span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的峰峰值不低于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。外接示波器测量晶体管放大器输出电压</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">u<sub>o</sub></span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">波形。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)放大器能够输出无明显失真的正弦电压</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">u<sub>o</sub></span></i></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)放大器能够输出有&ldquo;顶部失真&rdquo;的电压</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">u<sub>o</sub></span></i></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">3</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)放大器能够输出有&ldquo;底部失真&rdquo;的电压</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">u<sub>o</sub></span></i></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">4</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)放大器能够输出有&ldquo;双向失真&rdquo;的电压</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">u<sub>o</sub></span></i></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">5</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)放大器能够输出有&ldquo;交越失真&rdquo;的电压</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">u<sub>o</sub></span></i></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">6</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)分别测量并显示上述五种输出电压</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">u<sub>o</sub></span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的&ldquo;总谐波失真&rdquo;近似值。</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">7</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">)其他</span></span>&nbsp;</p>

gmchen 发表于 2022-1-24 22:34

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-family:黑体">三、说明 </span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)限用晶体管、阻容元件、模拟开关等元器件设计并实现图中的受控晶体管放大器,其输出的各种失真或无明显失真的信号必须出自该晶体管放大电路,禁用预存失真波形数据进行</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">D/A</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">转换等方式输出各种失真信号。</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)在设计报告中,应结合电路设计方案阐述出现各种失真的原因。</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">3</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)无明显失真及四种具有非线性失真电压</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">u<sub>o</sub></span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的示意波形如下图所示:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"> &nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">4</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)总谐波失真定义:</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">线性放大器输入为正弦信号时,其非线性失真表现为输出信号中出现谐波分量,常用总谐波失真(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">THD</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">:</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">total harmonic distortion</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)衡量线性放大器的非线性失真程度。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">THD</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">定义:若线性放大器输入电压</span></span> &nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">其含有非线性失真的输出交流电压为</span></span> &nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">则有:</span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">在完成设计要求的第(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">6</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)项时,谐波取到五次即可,即</span></span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">5</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)对</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">THD</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">自动测量期间,不得有任何人工干预。</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">6</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">K<sub>1</sub></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">和</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">K<sub>2</sub></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的&ldquo;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">&rdquo;端子用于作品测试。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

gmchen 发表于 2022-1-24 22:37

<p align="left" style="margin-top:8px; text-align:left"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:黑体">题目分析与方案设计</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">本题主要由两部分组成:一个晶体管放大器、一个谐波分析电路。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">题目要求的晶体管放大器是一个具有特殊要求的放大器,要求通过切换某些元件后,不仅能够输出正常的无失真波形,还能输出</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">4</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">种失真波形,分别为顶部失真、底部失真、双向失真与交越失真。下面分析各种失真波形可能出现的条件。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">前三种失真波形(顶部失真、底部失真与双向失真)都是限幅失真。限幅失真与放大器的输出动态范围密切相关:放大器的输出电压越出其输出动态范围后就会被限幅,形成限幅失真。而晶体管放大器的输出动态范围又与下列因素有关:晶体管的组态、晶体管放大器的负载、电源电压、以及晶体管的静态工作点。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">以晶体管共发射极放大器为例。一旦电源电压与负载电阻确定后,晶体管共发射极放大器的最大输出动态范围便仅与静态工作点有关。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">通常,工作正常的放大器的静态工作点位于交流负载线接近中央的位置,只要输入信号幅度不是太大,那么输出信号就基本无失真,如下左图中黑线波形所示。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">若输入幅度过大,使得晶体管被双向驱动到饱和区与截止区,那就会出现双向限幅失真,如下图中红色波形所示。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"> &nbsp;</p>

<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">若静态工作点偏高,则输入信号的上半周就可能使得晶体管进入饱和区,输出就出现底部限幅失真;反之,若静态工作点偏低,则输入信号的下半周可能使得晶体管进入截止区,输出就会出现顶部限幅失真。下图中显示了这两种失真波形的情况。</span></span></p>

<p> &nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">第四种失真(交越失真)发生在推挽输出电路中。由于晶体管存在一个约为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0.7V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的导通阈值,所以推挽输出电路中需要给晶体管施加一个偏置,工作在</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">AB</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">类状态。若偏置电压不足或为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,就会产生交越失真。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

gmchen 发表于 2022-1-24 22:38

本帖最后由 gmchen 于 2022-1-25 08:28 编辑

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">明确了四种失真产生的原因后就可以有针对性地设计放大器电路,例如一个可能的设计方案如下图。</span></span></span></span></span></span> &nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">其中晶体管</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">构成带电压负反馈的共射放大器。开关</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">控制负载电阻大小,当</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">接通时负载电阻小,导致其电压增益小,为正常放大状态。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">开路后负载电阻增大,导致该放大器的电压增益增加、输出幅度增加,使得后续的放大器输出幅度超出其输出动态范围而产生双向限幅失真。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">构成第二个共射放大器。开关</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S3</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">控制其偏置电阻,正常放大状态下</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">断开、</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S3</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">接通,偏置电阻为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R6+R7</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">;若</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">与</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S3</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">均断开则偏置电阻变大,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的静态工作点下降,输出产生顶部失真;若</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">与</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S3</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">均接通则偏置电阻变小,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的静态工作点变大,输出产生底部限幅失真。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">晶体管</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q3</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q4</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">构成互补推挽输出电路。其偏置电压由</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">D1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">D2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">与</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R14</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">等确定,若开关</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S4</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">接通则偏置电压变得极小从而产生交越失真。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

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gmchen 发表于 2022-1-24 22:39

本帖最后由 gmchen 于 2022-1-25 05:10 编辑

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">由于将几种不同的失真情况分配给不同的放大器,在具体设计时就比较容易,整个放大器的具体设计要点如下:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">互补推挽输出级:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">该电路通常用于功率输出,需要考虑其输出驱动能力,包括输出电压范围与输出电流。但是在本电路中只要求能够演示交越失真,所以不需要考虑其输出电流,两个晶体管只要采用小功率晶体管,负载电阻实际上是后续的示波器以及ADC的输入电阻,阻值很大以致可忽略其负载电流</span></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R17</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">与</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R18</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">是稳定工作点的负反馈电阻,通常取一个远小于负载的阻值,在本电路中取欧姆数量级即可。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">题目要求输出峰峰值大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,本级的输出电压动态范围必须满足上述要求,因此电源电压应该比</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">大许多,例如可以取</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">5~6V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。由于还要考虑此电源电压与电路中的模拟开关芯片公用、以及最后的输出电压要满足ADC的输入电压范围等诸多因素,因此电源电压不宜取得太高。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">&nbsp;晶体管静态偏置电流取</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1~2mA</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">即可,流过</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">D1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">D2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的静态电流也取同样数量级电流。可据此设计</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R12~R16</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的阻值,微调</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R14</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">可以调整静态偏置电流。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">该级采用自举式偏置电路,其输入阻抗较高,使得前级的交流负载几乎仅由</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R10</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">确定,可以方便前级的设计。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

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gmchen 发表于 2022-1-24 22:40

本帖最后由 gmchen 于 2022-1-25 05:18 编辑

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">第二级为共射极放大器。该级要实现正常放大、顶部失真、底部失真以及双向失真(依靠前级输入信号幅度增加实现)等功能。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">该级放大器的输出电压上限大致就是</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">VCC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,输出电压下限为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的发射极电压</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">V<sub>E2</sub></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">加上</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的饱和压降。这个输出动态范围应该大于题目要求的正常输出电压峰峰值</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,但是也不能取得太大,否则演示双向失真时的输出幅度会过大,无论对于放大器的增益还是后续的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">ADC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">采样都会增加不必要的麻烦。因此取输出电压动态范围(输出电压上下限之差)为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">3V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">左右是一个较为合适的选择,可据此确定</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">发射极电压</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">V<sub>E2</sub></span></span></span></span></span>(电源电压减去<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">输出电压动态范围)。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">正常放大状态下,晶体管静态工作点电流可取</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1~2mA</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的集电极电位应该位于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">V<sub>E2</sub></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">与</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">VCC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的中点附近。根据上述条件可以确定发射极电阻</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R11</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">以及集电极电阻</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R10</span><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">演示正常放大状态时</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">断开、</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S3</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">接通,偏置电阻为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R6+R7</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,此时</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的基极电位应该是</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">V<sub>E2</sub>+0.7V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。演示底部失真时,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">接通,偏置电阻为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R6</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,该电阻的取值应该能令晶体管</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">接近饱和。演示顶部失真时,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">与</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S3</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">均断开。偏置电阻为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R6+R7+R8</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,该电阻值应该能令晶体管</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">接近截止。根据上述各条件可以确定电路中的偏置电阻</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R6</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R7</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R8</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">与</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R9</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">可以验证,按照上述设计得到的放大器</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">在正常放大状态下的电压放大倍数约为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">50</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。但是题目要求在</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">20mV<sub>p-p</sub></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">输入时的输出不小于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2V<sub>p-p</sub></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,即正常输出时的电压放大倍数不低于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">100</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。考虑到双向限幅后,整个放大器的电压放大倍数应该大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">200</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,因此第一级放大器至少应该有</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">4</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">倍的电压增益。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

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gmchen 发表于 2022-1-24 22:40

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">第一级放大器采用电流串联负反馈形式的共发射极放大器,其增益约等于负载电阻与发射极电阻</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R5</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的比值。正常放大时</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">闭合,负载电阻为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R3</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">与后级放大器的输入阻抗并联值,要求其电压增益为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">倍左右。演示双向限幅失真时</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">S1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">开路,负载电阻为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">R3+R4</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">与后级放大器的输入阻抗并联值,要求其电压增益为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">4</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">倍左右。可以根据这些电压增益设计该级放大器。由于本级放大器的输入输出幅度均很小,基本上不必考虑动态范围问题,接通工作点电流可以取得较小,各相关电阻值可以取得较大。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

gmchen 发表于 2022-1-24 22:41

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">题目的第二个要求是设计一个谐波分析电路。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">谐波分析可以用</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">ADC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">采集波形数据后,用</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">FFT</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">得到基波与各高次谐波分量,然后按照定义计算</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">THD</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。关于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">ADC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">采样与</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">FFT</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">运算等细节,可以参考另一篇大学生电子竞赛题目分析的帖子</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">&mdash;&mdash;2021</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">年</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">A</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">题《信号失真度测量装置》</span></span><a href="https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/thread-1190782-1-1.html" style="color:#0563c1; text-decoration:underline"><span style="line-height:115%">https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/thread-1190782-1-1.html</span></a><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,这里不再赘述。由于本题的信号频率为固定的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1kHz</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,所以本题的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">ADC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">数据采集要比</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2021</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">年的那个题目简单许多。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

gmchen 发表于 2022-1-24 22:41

<p align="left" style="margin-top:8px; text-align:left"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:黑体">讨论</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">此题需要对晶体管放大器有比较清晰的了解。尽管现在放大器多用运放之类的集成电路进行设计,但是运放内部的结构仍然是晶体管,了解晶体管放大器的基本结构不仅是集成电路设计者的必修课,对于应用设计者来说也是准确使用集成电路的必要前提。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">另外,此题与</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2021</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">年</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">A</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">题具有一定的连贯性。两题都有信号的失真度测量要求,但是此题要求的信号频率为固定的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1kHz</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,而</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2021</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">年</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">A</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">题的基本要求是信号频率为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1kHz</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,但提高要求则将信号频率提高到</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1kHz~100lHz</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">可变,因此在设计难度上提高了不止一个数量级。其实纵观整个大学生电子竞赛的历年赛题,这种连贯性还有很多。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

肚肚qwe 发表于 2022-1-26 20:30

很好的文章

肚肚qwe 发表于 2022-1-26 20:30

肚肚qwe 发表于 2022-1-26 20:30
很好的文章

<p>谢谢呀</p>

肚肚qwe 发表于 2022-1-26 20:30

<p>好文章,感谢</p>

五零零 发表于 2022-3-9 16:33

<p>好厉害<img height="48" src="https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/static/editor/plugins/hkemoji/sticker/facebook/handshake.gif" width="48" />可以发到芯查查让更多人学习、讨论吗?</p>

55143 发表于 2022-3-12 16:06

<p>谢谢</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

gmchen 发表于 2022-3-23 10:33

五零零 发表于 2022-3-9 16:33
好厉害可以发到芯查查让更多人学习、讨论吗?

<p>注明出处与作者即可。</p>

hellomankind 发表于 2022-4-17 23:18

<p>文章厉害了,老哥是每年都自己做做电赛的题目然后写在论坛里吗</p>

Demmo 发表于 2022-5-29 13:14

<p>楼主讲得很好,收藏了,电子专业学生必备啊。晶体管是电子学习的基础,这方面整清楚了,对电子知识的理解会更上层楼的。</p>

hbc 发表于 2023-7-12 11:22

gmchen 发表于 2022-1-24 22:39
由于将几种不同的失真情况分配给不同的放大器,在具体设计时就比较容易,整个放大器的具体设计要点如下:
...

<p>我想请问一下静态工作点电流是指的IBQ还是ICQ呀,谢谢</p>

gmchen 发表于 2023-7-12 20:02

hbc 发表于 2023-7-12 11:22
我想请问一下静态工作点电流是指的IBQ还是ICQ呀,谢谢

<p>通常总是指ICQ</p>
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