gmchen 发表于 2021-11-24 20:21

大学生电子竞赛题目分析——2019年与2015年全国赛复测题的分析与比较

<div class='showpostmsg'><p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">今年的全国大学生电子竞赛已经结束,优胜队应该经过了赛后复测。笔者在网上只找到了</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">2015</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">年与</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">2019</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">年的两届复测题。看了这两届的复测题感到有点意思,本文对此进行分析与比较。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p align="left" style="margin-top:8px; text-align:left"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"><span style="font-family:黑体">2015</span></span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:黑体">年全国赛复测题《多种波形产生电路》的任务与要求概述 </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">题目指定的综合测试板上有</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">555</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">芯片、</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">74LS74</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">芯片和一片通用四运放</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 324 </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">芯片,设计制作一个频率可变的同时输出方波Ⅰ、方波Ⅱ、三角波、正弦波</span></span> <span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">Ⅰ、正弦波Ⅱ的多种波形产生电路。不能使用除综合测试板上的芯片以外的其它任何器件或芯片(笔者注:器件两字应该删除)。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">要求使用</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 555 </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">时基电路产生的信号作为信号源;利用此方波Ⅰ,在四个通道输出</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">4</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">种波形:方波Ⅱ、三角波、正弦波Ⅰ、正弦波Ⅱ,每通道输出的负载电阻均为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 600 </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">欧姆。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">1</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、使用</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 555 </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">时基电路产生频率</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 20kHz-50kHz </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">连续可调的方波</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">I</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,输出电压幅度为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 1V</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">2</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、使用数字电路</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 74LS74</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">产生频率</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 5kHz-10kHz </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">连续可调的方波Ⅱ,输出电压幅度</span></span> <span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 1V</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">3</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、使用数字电路</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 74LS74</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">产生频率</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 5kHz-10kHz </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">连续可调的三角波,输出电压幅度峰峰值为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 3V</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">4</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、输出频率为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 20kHz-30kHz </span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">连续可调的正弦波Ⅰ,输出电压幅度峰峰值为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 3V</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">5</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、输出频率为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 250kHz</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的正弦波Ⅱ,输出电压幅度峰峰值为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 8V</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">方波、三角波和正弦波的波形应无明显失真(使用示波器测量时)。频率误差不大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 5%</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">;通带内输出电压幅度峰峰值误差不大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%"> 5%</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">电源只能选用</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="115%">+10V</span><span style="115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">单电源,由稳压电源供给,不得使用额外电源。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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gmchen 发表于 2021-11-24 20:22

<p align="left" style="margin-top:8px; text-align:left"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:黑体">2015</span></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:黑体">年全国赛复测题《多种波形产生电路》题目分析</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">题目要求产生</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">5</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">种波形,考察的是</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">4</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">个不同的知识点:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span></u><u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、用</span></span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">NE555</span></u><u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">产生方波</span></span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">I</span></u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">若参赛者用过</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">NE555</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">这个芯片,完成这个应该很容易。若没有用过,只要熟悉</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">RC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">张弛振荡器的原理,读了</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">NE555</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">说明书后按照</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">NE555</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的常规接法就可以,用电位器改变其中的定时电阻就能改变频率。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span></u><u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、用</span></span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">74LS74</span></u><u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">产生方波</span></span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">II</span></u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">方波</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">II</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">是方波</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">I</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">4</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">分频,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">74LS74</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">是一片双</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">D</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">触发器,构成一个</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">4</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">分频器应该是学过数字电路后的一个基本常识,所以在原理上没有任何问题。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">但是此项看似简单的要求却存在很大的&ldquo;陷阱&rdquo;。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">首先是电源电压。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">74LS</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">系列</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">TTL</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">数字电路的正常工作电压为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">5V&plusmn;0.25V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,允许最高电源电压大约是</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">7V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,超过此值可能击穿损坏。但是题目给定的电源是</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">10V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,直接加电很可能烧毁芯片(原题中有烧毁要&ldquo;酌情扣分&rdquo;),因此必须采取措施将</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">74LS74</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">供电电压降到</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">7V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">以下。题目不提供其他芯片包括稳压块,所以一个通融的方法是用若干个硅二极管串联在</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">74LS74</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的电源里,每个硅二极管的压降大约</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0.7V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">6~7</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">个二极管就可以将电压降到安全范围内。但由于电源内阻增大,必须在</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">74LS74</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">芯片电源脚与接地脚之间安装容量足够大的电源退耦电容。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">其次是电平匹配问题。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">TTL</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的输入最高电压不能超过</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">7V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,实际工作时要控制在</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">5V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">以下。但这个分频器的源信号来自</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">NE555</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,而</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">NE555</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的输出高电平在</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">10V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">供电时可能达到</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">8V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">以上,所以需要用合适的电阻分压到</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">5V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">以下。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

gmchen 发表于 2021-11-24 20:23

本帖最后由 gmchen 于 2021-11-24 20:52 编辑

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">3</span></u><u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、产生一个频率与方波</span></span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">II</span></u><u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">相同的三角波</span></span></u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">这个问题是考察方波到三角波的转换。题目中的&ldquo;使用数字电路</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"> 74LS74</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">产生</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">&hellip;</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">&rdquo;有语病(因为用数字无法产生三角波),应该是&ldquo;使用数字电路</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"> 74LS74</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">产生频率</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"> 5kHz-10kHz </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">连续可调的方波Ⅱ为信号源,产生</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">&hellip;&rdquo;</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">容易想到的方法是将方波经过一个积分器转换为三角波。但是采用</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">LM324</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">构成积分器有如下几个必须注意的问题:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">第一、正确使用积分器的一个关键是输入波形(无论哪种波形)的平均电平应该与积分器的参考电平绝对相同!只要有一点点不同(例如由于运放的输入失调),这个不等的电压将在积分电容上慢慢积累,最后的结果一定是运放在某个方向到达饱和。但是实际电路中上述要求几乎是不可能做到的,所以实际的积分器往往需要在积分电容上并联一个大阻值电阻。由于这个电阻会影响积分器的输出波形(积分线性被破坏),所以其阻值不能太小,在保证不平衡输入部分引起的积分电荷能够释放的前提下尽可能大一些。</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">第二、为了使</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">LM324</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的输出动态范围能够满足题目的输出幅度(峰峰值</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">3V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)要求,它的参考电平</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">V<sub>r</sub></span></i><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">至少应该是</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1.5V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(输出峰峰值的一半)。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">74LS74</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的输出高低电平大致是</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">3.5V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">和</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0.2V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,平均电平大约为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1.65V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">(实际电路可能因生产厂商的不同而略有差异)。根据前面第一条的说明,应将</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">LM324</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的参考电平设计到与</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">74LS74</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的平均输出电平相等。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">第三、题目要求信号频率</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"> 5kHz-10kHz </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">连续可调且输出电压幅度峰峰值为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"> 3V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,但是若积分电路的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">RC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">时间常数不变的话,用积分的方法产生三角波不可能做到在频率变化时输出电压幅度不变。解决的方法是采用双联电位器,让积分电路的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">RC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">时间常数随输入信号的改变同步改变。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">4</span></u><u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、产生正弦波</span></span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">I</span></u><u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">与正弦波</span></span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">II</span></u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">由于题目规定必须使用</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"> 555 </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">时基电路产生的信号(方波</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">I</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">)作为信号源,方波中包含基频和奇次谐波,所以这两个信号都可用滤波器解决。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">&nbsp;正弦波</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">I</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">频率为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">20kHz-30kHz </span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">连续可调,输出电压峰峰值</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">3V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。方波</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">I</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">通过一个截止频率高于30kHz</span></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的低通滤波器就可以得到正弦波</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">I</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">.设计中需要关注的是该滤波器在60kHz(20kHz的三次谐波)必须有足够的衰减</span></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">&nbsp;正弦波</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">II</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">频率</span></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">要求</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">250kHz</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,输出电压峰峰值</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">8V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。这个频率是方波I的最高频率的5倍,让方波</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">I</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">通过一个中心频率等于250kHz的带通滤波器,可以得到其</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">5</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">次谐波正弦波</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">II</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。设计中需要关注的是滤波器的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">Q</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">值。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">另外要注意的是在单电源</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">10V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">供电下,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">LM324</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的输出动态范围下限大约是几十毫伏,上限大约是</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">8.5V</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">,需要将运放的参考电平设置到这个输出动态范围的中点附近。尤其是正弦波</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">II</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的输出幅度接近</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">LM324</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的极限输出动态范围,更应注意这一点。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

gmchen 发表于 2021-11-24 20:23

<p style="text-align:left">2019年全国赛复测题《多信号发生器》的任务与要求概述</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">题目指定综合测评板上有一片LM324AD(四运放)和一片SN74LS00D(四与非门)。利用综合测评板和若干电阻、电容元件,设计制作多信号发生器产生下列四路信号:</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">1、频率为19kHz~21kHz连续可调的方波脉冲信号,幅度不小于3.2V;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">2、与方波同频率的正弦波信号,输出电压失真度不大于5%,峰-峰值(<em>V</em>pp)不小于1V;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">3、与方波同频率占空比5%~15%连续可调的窄脉冲信号,幅度不小于3.2V;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">4、与正弦波正交的余弦波信号,相位误差不大于5˚,输出电压峰-峰值(<em>V</em>pp)不小于1V。</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">各路信号负载电阻均为1k&Omega;。</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">只允许使用单一+5V电源。</p>

gmchen 发表于 2021-11-24 20:24

<p align="left" style="margin-top:8px; text-align:left"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:黑体">2019</span></span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:黑体">年全国赛复测题《多信号发生器》题目分析</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">题目要求用上述两个芯片产生</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">4</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">路不同的信号,下面逐一分析之。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.1pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><b><u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">一、方波</span></span></u></b></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">大致有下面几种方案用运放或数字电路产生方波:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、由若干个非门与</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">RC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">网络构成多谐振荡器。这个结构有多个不同的具体电路可以实现,只要改变</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">RC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">延时网络的时间常数就可以改变振荡频率,是最简单的矩形波发生器电路。但是该电路有一个小问题:由于数字电路的输入电流影响等原因,它不能够保证对定时电容</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">C</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的充放电电流完全相同,因此其输出的矩形波的占空比不能保证精确地等于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">0.5</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、由积分器加滞回比较器构成振荡电路,其结构如下图所示,工作原理是滞回比较器输出的高电平或低电平经过积分器积分后变换为一个下降或上升的斜坡电压,此电压到达滞回比较器的输入阈值后比较器的输出翻转,如此反复就构成了方波输出,同时在积分器的输出端得到三角波。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">设比较器的输出高低电平分别为</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">V</span></span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">OH</span></span></sub><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">与</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">V</span></span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">OL</span></span></sub><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">,积分器的参考电平为</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">V</span></span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">R</span></span></sub><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">,则积分器对电容的充放电电流分别为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(<i>V</i><sub>OH</sub>-<i>V</i><sub>R</sub>)/R</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">和</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(<i>V</i><sub>R</sub>-<i>V</i><sub>OL</sub>)/R</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">,只要调节</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">V</span></span></i><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">R</span></span></sub><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">使得这两个电流相等,则在一个周期内的充放电时间必然相同,输出方波的占空比就是</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">0.5</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

gmchen 发表于 2021-11-24 20:25

<p style="text-indent:21.1pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><b><u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">二、占空比可调的窄脉冲</span></span></u></b><b><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">适合本题的大约有两种方案:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、将方波通过</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">RC</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">网络延时后与原来的方波进行逻辑&ldquo;与&rdquo;。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、将三角波通过比较器整形。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.1pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><b><u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">三、正弦波</span></span></u></b><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">通常有下列两种产生正弦波的方法:</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">1</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、直接由运放构成正弦振荡电路,例如文氏振荡器;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">2</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、将方波或三角波通过合适的滤波网络得到正弦波。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">但是在本题目中不允许使用</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">BJT</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">、</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%">FET</span><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">或二极管,且无源器件只有电阻与电容,在这种情况下若直接用运放构成振荡器的话,由于没有合适的限幅器件,最后的结果或者是难以起振,或者是起振后的波形出现严重的削顶失真,所以唯一可行的方案只有通过滤波获得正弦波这一个方法。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="font-family:宋体">由于三角波包含的高次谐波幅度比方波包含的的高次谐波幅度小得多,所以将三角波通过滤波法得到正弦波更容易些。</span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.1pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><b><u><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">四、正交的余弦波</span></span></u></b><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:宋体">正弦信号积分就可以得到余弦信号,所以这部分电路就是用一个运放构成的积分器。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

gmchen 发表于 2021-11-24 20:26

<p style="text-align:left"><strong>2019年与2015年全国赛复测题的比较</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">由于竞赛复测必须在几个小时内完成,所以复测题不能太复杂,但又要能够考察参赛者的知识储备、分析能力与动手能力。2019年的复测题与2015年的复测题都是信号发生器,其设计要求、设计的约束条件等方面都有很多类似的地方,题目本身并不复杂,但考察的内容包含了数字电路与模拟电路的多方面基本应用知识,应该说是一个很好的测试切入点。</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">但是两届的题目在严谨性、灵活性方面有很大的不同。</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">2015年的题目对于具体哪个信号由哪个器件发生方面由许多限制(主要集中在数字信号方面),这些限制可以为参赛者提供方便,但也在一定程度上限制了参赛者的自主发挥能力。另外,在电源与电平匹配等方面又有许多&ldquo;不严谨&rdquo;或&ldquo;陷阱&rdquo;。那些&ldquo;不严谨&rdquo;或&ldquo;陷阱&rdquo;也许是命题者的疏忽,也可能是命题者故意为之。但对于参赛的大学生来说,如果不是在平时遇到过这些问题,或者指导教师在这方面有过专门的指导,恐怕有一大半会在这里翻船。</p>

<p>相对于2015年的题目,2019年题目在严谨性、灵活性方面有极大的改进。题目只给出两个芯片,并未规定用哪个芯片产生哪个信号,这就使得参赛者有了更多的方案选择余地。同时,其考核的内容并未减少,包含了振荡器、比较器、积分器、滤波器以及逻辑门等各方面,要求参加竞赛者除了有比较扎实的基本知识外还能随机应变。</p>

freebsder 发表于 2021-11-24 22:39

<p>透彻!</p>
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