【花雕动手做】快餐盒盖,极低成本搭建机器人行走的实验平台
<div class='showpostmsg'> 本帖最后由 eagler8 于 2021-2-7 17:50 编辑<p> </p>
<p>吃完快餐粥,除了粥的味道不错之外,我对个快餐盒的圆盖子产生了兴趣,能否做个极低成本的简易机器人呢?也许只需要几十元就够了。</p>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
</div> <p></p>
<p>安装好四个N20小电机,希望以此作为一个简单的实验平台,用来尝试试机器人各种不同的运动方式</p>
<p>二套电源系统(3.7V升压为5V),二个电机驱动模块MX1508,Arduino nano</p>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<p><img height="53" src="https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/static/editor/plugins/hkemoji/sticker/facebook/sad.gif" width="54" />快餐盖的空间有点小</p>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<p>Arduino nano和电机驱动分别使用独立的电源系统,单片机5V,N20电机3.7V,二片MX1508模块,分别驱动四个小电机运行。快餐盒盖简易底盘系统终于完成,薄薄纸盒的底盘,强度和刚度都不够,只能勉强做做小实验而已。</p>
<p> </p>
<p>这个实验平台的最终成本还不到20元(四只N20是咸鱼二手淘来的),无论成功或失败都没有神马压力。<img height="48" src="https://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/static/editor/plugins/hkemoji/sticker/facebook/lol.gif" width="48" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p>初步的想法,是通过这个非常简陋的底盘,学习机器人的行走机构,动手尝试不同的运动方式,实际测试各种形态的轮子系统。考虑使用最普通的材料来测试,目前列入系列实验范围的有圆轮、平轮、棒轮(拨轮)、环轮(空心轮)、筒轮、麦克纳姆轮和半环轮等。</p>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<p>四只电机效率最高的是同向转动,本例最佳输出的运动形式为原地转圈。</p>
<p> </p>
<p>圆形的底盘,无法像普通小车那样采用平行车轴(电机轴也短),比较适合的是十字轴动力结构,百度查了下,这种结构很少见,不实用的结构,做做实验还行。</p>
<p> </p>
<p>本例实验平台的十字轴动力电机位置见示意图红点。</p>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>知识点:轮子(wheel)<br />
中国词语。是用不同材料制成的圆形滚动物体。简单来说,它包括轮子的外圈、与外圈相连接的辐条和中心轴。透过滚动,轮子可以大大的减少与接触面的磨擦系数。如果配上轴,即成为车的最主要构成部份。轮子在交通运输中非常有用,是人类的重要发明之一。除了车轮以外,其他圆形的轮还有船轮、飞轮等等。</p>
<p> </p>
<p>任何简单而意义深远的发明都不是凭空出现在人们的脑海中的,必然有什么现象触发了灵感。正如古人见到水里漂着的木头而想到独木舟一样,车轮的发明也可能是受到了一些自然物的启发。《淮南子》中说我们的祖先“见飞蓬转而知为车”。“飞蓬”是一种草,其茎高尺许,叶片大,根系入土浅。一有大风,很容易被连根拔起,随风旋转。古人可能就是受到这个现象的启发,发明了车轮和车轴。与鲁班受锯齿草的启发而发明锯子的传说一样,这种说法很可能也是一个传说而已。因为轮子在自然界是有原型的。原始民族曾经普遍地崇拜过天空中的日月。古人一定认为它们拥有最完美的外形——直到古希腊时代,哲学家柏拉图也还认为球体是最完美的形式。也许新石器时代的先民在制作器具时很自然地会模仿太阳和月亮的形状。当他们偶然发现制成的圆盘状物体可以在转动中保持形状不变时,他们就有兴趣进一步发掘它的用途。</p>
<p> </p>
<p>在掌握锋利而坚固的工具以前,人类是不可能拥有轮式车辆的。用石器工具难以将木头加工成合适的圆柱形,更不必说复杂到带辐条的轮子了。所以,车轮的出现只能是青铜时代以后的事情。</p>
<p> </p>
<p>据英国科学史家李约瑟考证的结论,约在四千五百年到三千五百年前,中国出现了第一辆车子。而《左传》中提到,车是夏代初年的奚仲发明的,如果记载属实,那是四千年前的事情。在殷代(距今三千多年前)文物中,考古学家也发现了殉葬用的车,当时的车子由车厢、车辕和两个轮子构成,已经是比较成熟的交通工具了。中国古代有传说是轩辕黄帝把木头插在圆轮子中央,使它运转,因而造成车辆。但鉴于归功于黄帝的发明实在太多,我们也不能轻易把这个说法当真。</p>
<p> </p>
<p>以埃及的战车为例。这些战车具有带辐条的车轮,轮上装有坚固的箍,并且车轮用锲子紧紧钉在轴上。车厢、车辕和两副挽具证明了同样的技术。如果我们想从在埃及战车或罗马战车的创造者那里所看到的那种精细活计探求人类发明带轮车的过程,那是没有什么益处的。但是,常常有这种情况:能够找到一些制作粗糙的物品,而这些物品就好像是技术之早期阶段的再现。古代最简陋的乡村大车,用两个几乎一英尺厚的圆形木作车轮,是用横断的树干做成的,同时,这些圆形物,或者叫车轮,不是在轴上旋转,而是固定在轴上。车轴安放在特制的木框内,或者是在两块窄木板内,或者是穿在车底上的环孔里,同它的一对轮子一起转动,就像小孩儿的玩具车那样。有趣的是,在条件已经改变的情况下,铁路车辆的制造者们又恢复了这种构造。</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>在像葡萄牙这样一些国家里,现今还可以看到轴和车轮一起转动的古典车子。于是可以设想:类似的大车说明,带轮的车是怎样发明的。最初用的是轴,或滚子,是用它们来滚动大石头或其他巨大的重物。我们可以想象,用光滑的树干或圆木做的这类滚子,起初是这样完成的:把它的中间部分削细一些。于是,它就变成了一个两端带着宽圆滚的轴。我们猜想,轴是处在某一种最简陋的梁木架下,并在架下转动的。于是我们就有了一辆最简单的想象中的带轮车。完全可能,类似关于车的第一个概念出现之后,轮就开始单独制造,并把它固定在一个活动的轴上,装上了轮箍。后来,有了轻便的车轮和光滑的轮座,于是车轮就在不动的轴上转动了。当然,所有这些,无非是一种想象,但是,无论如何,它使我们的头脑完全清楚了车的本质。</p>
<p><strong>第一种,圆轮</strong><br />
就是普通轮子,这里使用一些简易材料来做实验,比如饮料瓶盖等。</p>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; empty-cells: show; border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; width: 747px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", SimHei, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
<tbody style="overflow-wrap: break-word;">
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<td class="t_f" id="postmessage_598905" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px;">安装好四只轮子的</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<p><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", SimHei, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">实验开源代码</span></p>
<p> </p>
<pre>
<code class="language-cpp">/*
【花雕动手做】快餐盒盖,极低成本搭建多种运动方式的实验平台
第一种,圆轮
实验程序:左旋转、右旋转各二秒钟,前行、后退各二秒
*/
void setup() {
pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
pinMode(8, OUTPUT);
pinMode(9, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
digitalWrite(7, LOW);
digitalWrite(8, LOW);
digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(2, LOW);
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
digitalWrite(5, LOW);
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
digitalWrite(7, LOW);
digitalWrite(8, LOW);
digitalWrite(9, LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(2, LOW);
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
digitalWrite(5, LOW);
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
digitalWrite(9, LOW);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(2, LOW);
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
digitalWrite(5, LOW);
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
digitalWrite(7, LOW);
digitalWrite(8, LOW);
digitalWrite(9, LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
digitalWrite(5, LOW);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(2, LOW);
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
digitalWrite(5, LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
digitalWrite(8, LOW);
digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
digitalWrite(7, LOW);
digitalWrite(8, LOW);
digitalWrite(9, LOW);
delay(1000);
}</code></pre>
<p> </p>
<p>【花雕动手做】快餐盒盖,极低成本搭建机器人实验平台(圆轮的视频)</p>
<p> </p>
<p>https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNTA2NTU0ODA4MA==.html?spm=a2hzp.8244740.0.0</p>
<p> </p>
<p><iframe allowfullscreen="true" frameborder="0" height="450" src="http://player.youku.com/embed/XNTA2NTU0ODA4MA" style="background:#eee;margin-bottom:10px;" width="750"></iframe><br />
</p>
<p><strong style="overflow-wrap:break-word; font-weight:700; color:#444444; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei", SimHei, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#ffffff; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial">第二种,平轮</strong></p>
<div align="left" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="overflow-wrap:break-word"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:"Microsoft YaHei", SimHei, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:2"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:2"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><span style="text-decoration-style:initial"><span style="text-decoration-color:initial"><font style="overflow-wrap:break-word; color:#000000"><font style="overflow-wrap:break-word; background-color:#ffffff"><font face="���ź�"><font style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font style="overflow-wrap:break-word; font-size:14px">探索机器人行走机构的各种行走方式,需要脑洞大开,并且敢于去尝试。平轮也可称作平面轮,是我的一种叫法,确实不多见。依旧使用饮料瓶盖(侧面),安装好的见下图。</font></font></font></font></font></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"> </div>
<div align="left" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"></div>
<p>【花雕动手做】快餐盒盖,极低成本搭建机器人实验平台(平轮的视频)</p>
<p> </p>
<p>https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNTA3NzU0MTQ4OA==.html?spm=a2hzp.8244740.0.0</p>
<p> </p>
<p><iframe allowfullscreen="true" frameborder="0" height="450" src="http://player.youku.com/embed/XNTA3NzU0MTQ4OA" style="background:#eee;margin-bottom:10px;" width="750"></iframe><br />
</p>
<p><strong>第三种,大圆轮</strong><br />
使用同样大小的快餐盒盖来当轮子,相当于车轮和车身一般大。</p>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<p><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", SimHei, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">大圆轮安装好,是这样</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<div align="left" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="overflow-wrap:break-word"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:"Microsoft YaHei", SimHei, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:2"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:2"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><span style="text-decoration-style:initial"><span style="text-decoration-color:initial"><font color="#000"><font style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font face="���ź�"><font style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font style="overflow-wrap:break-word; font-size:14px">【花雕动手做】快餐盒盖,极低成本搭建机器人实验平台(双只大圆轮的视频)</font></font></font></font></font></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<p> </p>
<div align="left" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="overflow-wrap:break-word"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:"Microsoft YaHei", SimHei, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:2"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:2"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><span style="text-decoration-style:initial"><span style="text-decoration-color:initial"><font color="#000"><font style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font face="���ź�"><font style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font style="overflow-wrap:break-word; font-size:14px">https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNTA3OTg5OTYwOA==.html?spm=a2hzp.8244740.0.0</font></font></font></font></font></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"> </div>
<div align="left" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" frameborder="0" height="450" src="http://player.youku.com/embed/XNTA3OTg5OTYwOA" style="background:#eee;margin-bottom:10px;" width="750"></iframe><br />
</div>
<p><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", SimHei, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">四只大圆轮</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<div align="left" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="overflow-wrap:break-word"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:"Microsoft YaHei", SimHei, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:2"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:2"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><span style="text-decoration-style:initial"><span style="text-decoration-color:initial"><font color="#000"><font style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font face="���ź�"><font style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font style="overflow-wrap:break-word; font-size:14px">【花雕动手做】快餐盒盖,极低成本搭建机器人实验平台(四只大圆轮的视频)</font></font></font></font></font></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<p> </p>
<div align="left" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="overflow-wrap:break-word"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:"Microsoft YaHei", SimHei, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:2"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:2"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><span style="text-decoration-style:initial"><span style="text-decoration-color:initial"><font color="#000"><font style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font face="���ź�"><font style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font style="overflow-wrap:break-word; font-size:14px">https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNTA4MDA0MTgwMA==.html?spm=a2hzp.8244740.0.0</font></font></font></font></font></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"> </div>
<div align="left" style="text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" frameborder="0" height="450" src="http://player.youku.com/embed/XNTA4MDA0MTgwMA" style="background:#eee;margin-bottom:10px;" width="750"></iframe><br />
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<p><strong style="overflow-wrap:break-word; font-weight:700; color:#444444; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei", SimHei, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#ffffff; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial"><font size="4"><font style="overflow-wrap: break-word;">第四种,棒轮</font></font></strong><br style="overflow-wrap:break-word; color:#444444; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei", SimHei, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#ffffff; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" />
<br style="overflow-wrap:break-word; color:#444444; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei", SimHei, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#ffffff; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" />
<span style="font-size:14px; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px"><span style="color:#444444"><span style="font-family:"Microsoft YaHei", SimHei, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal"><span style="font-variant-caps:normal"><span style="font-weight:400"><span style="letter-spacing:normal"><span style="orphans:2"><span style="text-transform:none"><span style="white-space:normal"><span style="widows:2"><span style="word-spacing:0px"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><span style="text-decoration-style:initial"><span style="text-decoration-color:initial"><span style="display:inline !important"><span style="float:none">收集的不同规格的雪糕棒</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p>安装好四根小规格的雪糕棒</p>
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