2019年国赛G题的难点分析
<div class='showpostmsg'><p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">2019</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">年全国大学生电子竞赛</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">G</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">题是一个很典型的高频电路和通信类题目,其概要如下:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">设计制作一个双路语音同传的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">FM</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">无线收发系统,实现在一个信道上同时传输两路话音信号</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">A</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">和</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">B</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:黑体"><span style="color:#444444">基本要求</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">是:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">FM</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">信号的载波频率为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">48.5MHz</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">,相对误差的绝对值不大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">1</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">‰;峰值频偏不大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">25kHz</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">语音信号</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">A</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">或者</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">B</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">的带宽不大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">3400Hz</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">无线通信距离不小于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">2m</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">,天线长度不大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">0.5m</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">解调输出的双路语音信号波形无明显失真。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:黑体"><span style="color:#444444">发挥要求</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">是:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">发射电路中</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">FM</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">信号的载波频率能通过一个电压信号</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444"> <i>v<sub>c</sub></i>(<i>t</i>) </span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">进行调节,用来模拟无线通信中载波频率漂移的情况。当</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">v<sub>c</sub></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">(<i>t</i>)=0</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">时,载波频率等于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">48.5MHz</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">在保证系统能正确进行双路语音无线传输的前提下,通过改变</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">v<sub>c</sub></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">(<i>t</i>) </span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">对载波频率实施突变漂移和连续漂移。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">突变漂移要求载频变化不小于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">300 kHz</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">,系统调节时间不超过</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444"> 5</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">秒。</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">连续漂移要求载频以</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">48.5MHz</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">为中心频率按照三角波形式变化,变化周期为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">秒,漂移范围越大越好。</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">本题目的难点主要有两个:一、双路语音同传;二、载频漂移。下面分析这两个问题。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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</script><script type="text/javascript">(function(d,c){var a=d.createElement("script"),m=d.getElementsByTagName("script"),eewurl="//counter.eeworld.com.cn/pv/count/";a.src=eewurl+c;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(document,523)</script> <p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">首先说双路语音同传。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">普通的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">FM</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">调制电路在大学高频电路课程中都有,但是双路调制很少有详细介绍的。由于双路语音的频谱重叠,所以不能将它们简单地用加法器叠加,那样两路信号将无法区分。正确的做法是先将其中一路信号的频谱移动,使得两路信号的频谱不再重叠,那时就可以将两路信号叠加。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">具体做法是将要移动频谱的那一路信号对一个被称为“副载波”的信号进行调幅。设副载波信号频率为</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">f<sub>sc</sub></span></span></i><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">,则调幅后的信号频率将分布在</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">f<sub>sc</sub></span></span></i><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">两侧,整个频带的宽度将是音频信号带宽的两倍。适当选择副载波频率,就可以使得两路信号的频谱互不干扰,它们叠加后成为复合音频信号。电路结构与频谱如图</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">1</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">用这个复合音频信号对主载波进行</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">FM</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">调制,就可以得到双路同传的已调波。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">在接收端,对接收到的已调波进行</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">FM</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">解调(鉴频),得到的是复合音频信号。用一个低通滤波器可以得到信号</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">A</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">,用一个带通滤波器可以得到被副载波调制后的信号</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">B</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">,再将这个信号进行</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">AM</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">解调就可以得到信号</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">B</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">顺便说一下,广播电台中的调频立体声广播,就是采用上述副载波调制的方法,将左右两个声道信号同时调制到主载波频率上的。不过为了与单声道广播兼容,它不是简单地用左右两个声道分别调制,而是先将左右两个声道用加减电路(称为编码矩阵)变换成</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">L+R</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">和</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">L-R</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">两个声道,然后将</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">L-R</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">声道进行副载波调制,最终得到复合音频信号。立体声收音机可以通过副载波解调电路和加减电路(解码矩阵)恢复左右声道信号。单声道收音机没有上述副载波解调和解码矩阵电路,但是通过</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">FM</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">解调得到</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">L+R</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">信号(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">L-R</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">信号被副载波调制后的频率远高于人耳可闻的范围,被自动滤除),也能听到完整的音频信号。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
本帖最后由 gmchen 于 2019-11-14 13:09 编辑
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">再说载频漂移问题。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444"> 在发送端实现题目要求的模拟载频漂移是很容易的,只要在调制信号(复合音频信号)中叠加一个直流分量即可。这个问题的难点在于接收端的处理,涉及接收机的选择性以及鉴频电路的灵敏度。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444"> 接收端通常采用超外差式接收电路。这种电路的选择性主要取决于中频放大器的选频特性,在满足调制信号的频谱要求前提下,中频放大器的选频特性越好则接收机的噪声越低。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444"> 另外,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">FM</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">解调常采用斜率鉴频器或锁相鉴频器等电路,这些电路都有一个共性,就是能够解调信号的工作频率范围越窄则解调灵敏度就越高。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444"> 常规的超外差电路本振频率是固定的,当输入信号频率漂移后,送到中频放大器的信号频率也会漂移。所以为了满足输入频率漂移,中频放大器的选频网络的带宽不能过于尖锐,鉴频器的工作频率范围也不能太窄。在正常的调频广播中,由于广播电台的载频具有相当高的频率稳定性,上述问题并不严重,只要将中频放大器和鉴频器的工作频率范围设计得比正常范围略大一些即可。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444"> 但是在这个题目中,频率漂移的范围非常大,所以若还是按常规设计,很可能接收机将无法正常工作。按照题目要求,载频漂移大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">300kHz</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">,因此中频放大器要有</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">600kHz</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">的通带带宽,鉴频器的工作频率范围也必须大于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">600kHz</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">。但是题目又规定</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">FM</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">调制的最大频偏小于</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">25kHz</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">,这就与上述</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">600kHz</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">带宽构成了巨大的矛盾。假定在鉴频器工作频率范围内两个极端频率下的鉴频输出电压差为</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">3V</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">,则对于正常调制信号的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">25kHz</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">频偏,鉴频输出只有区区</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">125mV</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">。再加上中频放大器的很大的带宽会引入很大的噪声,最后很可能输出的噪声将比信号大很多,从而使得接收失败。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444"> 此问题的解决思路是设法保证中频频率不变,而使得本振频率能够随着输入信号频率的漂移变化而变化,那样整个中频放大器和鉴频器等就都可以按照常规的超外差电路进行设计。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444"> 实现本振频率随着输入信号漂移的具体电路是锁相接收电路,它利用锁相环锁定后其鉴相器两个输入没有频差的特点,用锁相环的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">VCO</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">产生本振信号,而将接收机中频输出信号与一个中频参考信号在锁相环的鉴相器内进行比较。这样,只要能够保证锁相环稳定在锁定状态,接收机的中频输出信号频率一定等于参考频率,也就保证了接收机的中频频率不变。其电路结构见图</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444">2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="layout-grid-mode:char"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444"> 在这个锁相接收电路中,锁相环是其中的关键部件。由于反馈的中频信号中除了中频频率之外还包含调制信号的频率成分(或者说反馈信号的频率围绕中频频率在不断振动),所以锁相环中的环路滤波器必须能够滤除这些变动的成分,也就是说这个锁相环是一个载波跟踪环,具有较小的闭环带宽,应该根据这个原则来设计其中的环路滤波器。但是也不能将锁相环的闭环带宽设计得太低,否则锁相环的调整时间将会太长。题目中要求载频突变时系统调节时间不超过</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:#444444"> 5</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体"><span style="color:#444444">秒,就是对这个锁相环的调整时间的设计要求。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>看过,支持</p>
<p>请问副载波那部分是频分复用吗?</p>
<p> </p>
ZXdeCL 发表于 2021-7-15 14:38
请问副载波那部分是频分复用吗?
<p>可以这么认为</p>
<p>请教一下楼主关于载频漂移的问题。题目给出载频漂移是按照三角波线性漂移,如果直接给一个直流偏量,能达到题目要求吗?这个有点不懂</p>
ZXdeCL 发表于 2021-7-15 17:43
请教一下楼主关于载频漂移的问题。题目给出载频漂移是按照三角波线性漂移,如果直接给一个直流偏量,能达到 ...
<p>题目的要求是考察载波频率偏移后系统是否能够正常接收。从原理上说给一个直接的频率变化也可以达到载波频率的偏移,但是如果考虑到接收机的响应需要一定的时间,那么直接跳频对于接收机的要求将大大高于载频缓慢变化的情况。而且从实际情况来说,题目要求模拟由于信道因素引起的载频漂移,这种漂移不可能是频率捷变,只能是缓变。</p>
ZXdeCL 发表于 2021-7-15 17:43
请教一下楼主关于载频漂移的问题。题目给出载频漂移是按照三角波线性漂移,如果直接给一个直流偏量,能达到 ...
<p>其实题目中有要求频率突变的响应时间要求,就是考虑了接收机的响应问题。</p>
本帖最后由 gmchen 于 2021-7-16 10:49 编辑
<p>题目要求载频的稳定度较高,相对误差不大于千分之一,但是又要求载频按照三角波偏移。</p>
<p>能够满足高稳定度的信号源,大概只有DDS或者PLL能够做到。但是严格地说,这些信号源都是频率步进的。所以如果要严格按照后者设计,则振荡器一定是一个开环的LC压控振荡器,那时频率精度则难以保证。</p>
<p>由此可见,严格地说此题在这个要求的设计有些小瑕疵。</p>
<p>经过你的分析豁然开朗了。非常感谢分享,辛苦了。</p>
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